/ 









g,afcin's licptittts. 



So. V. 



I'll E 



PRESENT STATE 



OF 



V I R G I N I A. 



HIGH JONES, A.M. 




N E W V ( I R K 
REPRINTED 1'OK JOSEPH SABIN 

1865. 






Two Hundred Copies Printed 



No. 




A.LVORD, PRINTEP 



THE 

Present State 

O F 

VIRGINIA. 

GIVING 

A particular and friort Account of the 

Indian, Englzjk, and Negroe Inhabitants of that 
Colony. 

Shewing their Religion, Manners, Government, 
Trade, Way of Living, &c. with a Defcription of 
the Country. 

From whence is inferred a fliort VIEW of 

Maryland and North Carolina. 

To which are added, 

Schemes and Propofitions for the better Promotion of 
Learning, Religion, Inventions, Manufactures, and Trade in 
Virginia, and the other Plantations. 

For the Information of the Curious, and for the Service of fuch 

as • are engaged in the Propagation of the Gofpel and Advancement 
of Learning, and for the Uie of all Perions concerned in the 

Virginia Trade and Plantation. 

Gen. ix. 27. 

God Jhall enlarge Japheth, and he Jhall die ell in the 
Tents of Shem, and Canaan Jhall be his Servant. 

By H/'GH JONES, A. M. 

Chaplain to the Honourable Aflembly, and lately 

Minifter of James- 1 .. . &c. in Virginia. 

LONDON: 

Printed for J. Clarke, at the Bible under the Royal- 
Exehange. M DCC XXIV. 



THE 

CONTENTS. 

THE INTRODUCTION 
Page i 

PART I. Chap. I. 
Of the Original of the Indians, Europeans, and 
Negroes. 

Chap. II. 

Of the Government, Religion, Habits, Wars, 
Lives, Cufoms, &c. of the Indians of North 
America 7 

Of the French Settlements and Apelachian Moun- 
tains 13 

Of the Tramontane Order and Expedition, and of 
Chrillanna 14 

Of Indian Worjhip and Principles 15 

Of the Converfwn of the Indians 19 



PART II. Chap. I. 

Of the Englifli Settlements in Virginia and Mary- 
land 21 

Chap. II. 

Of the Metropolis Williamfburgh, the College Ca- 
pitol, Governor's Hot/fe, and the Church, &c. 25 



Chap. III. 

Of the Situation and Nature of the Country of 

Virginia, and its Coajls, &c. 33 

3 Chap. 



The CONTENTS. 

Page 
Chap. IV. 

Of the Negroes, with the Planting and Manage- 
ment of Indian Corn and tobacco, and of their 
timber, Stock, Fruits, Provifion, Habitations, 

&c. 3 6 

Chap. V. 

Of the Habits, Cujfoms, Parts, Employments, 'Trade 

of the Virginians ; and of the Weather, Coin, 

Sicknefs, Liquors, Servants, Poor, Pitch, Tar, 

Oar, &c. 43 

Chap. VI. 

Of Germanna, the Palatines, Wine, Hemp, Flax, 
Silk, Sumach, "frees Fruits, Coals, Tratts of Land, 
Health, Militia, the Mannacan Town, titles, Le- 
vies, Burgejfes, Laws, and general Ajjembly 59 



PART III. 

Of the State of the Church and Clergy in Virginia 65 

ttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt 

PART IV. 

Of Authors concerning Virginia, and its publirk 
Officers, Guard-Ships, and the State of Mary- 
land and North Carolina, &c. 75 



A PPENDI X. 

Scheme. Of Education in Virginia 83 

Scheme. Of Religion in Virginia 95 

Scheme. Of Arts, Projects, Inventions, and 

Manufactures in Virginia l12 

Scheme. Of Trade in Virginia, and the other 

Plantations x 3* 

INTRO- 





.. ■'>> '" ; ^ • '-if ^fljKili • i^^^i^a 



INTRODUCTION. 

'^Edications and Prefaces, which are pre- 
} jfe fix'd to moft Books, being regarded 

•~?v V?T-' ^y ^ ew ^- eac ^ ers ' I think it beft for my 
»•*■ ,rs p re {" en t Purpofe briefly to mention in 
an Introduction, what I would have known con- 
cerning the Occafion, Nature, and Ufe of this 
Treatife, before I enter upon the main Work 
it felf. 

When I confidered the great Benefit that 
arifes to the Publick, from the large Colony 
of Virginia, I obferved, that tho' it be thus 
advantageous, yet it is capable of great Im- 
provements full, and requires feveral Alterations, 
both with Regard to its own Welfare, and 
the Intereft of Great Britain. Obferving 
moreover, that few People in England (even 
many concerned in publick Affairs of this kind) 
have correct Notions of the true State of the 
Plantations; and having been eagerly applied 
to frequently, by Perfons of the greateft Fi- 
A gure, 



ii Introduction. 

gure, Experience, and Judgment in political 
and national Concerns, for Information con- 
cerning all the Circumftances of Virginia, I 
was requeued to digeft methodically, and pub- 
lifli, what I knew and thought of thefe Mat- 
ters ; and being in a great Meafure injoined to 
it by a noble Patron, I have here complied 
with his Commands, with the beft of my 
Knowledge and Judgment. 

For want of better Information, many that 
are moft willing, capable, or obliged to pro- 
mote Religion, Learning, Arts and Trade in 
Virginia, are either at a Lofs how to let about 
it rightly, or elfe having engaged themfelves 
therein, have in a great Meafure mifcarried 
in their Attempts, becaufe true and particular 
Accounts of it are very difficult to be obtain- 
ed; and this Country is altered wonderfully, 
and far more advanced and improved in all 
Refpe&s of late Years, fince the beginning of 
Colonel Spot/wood's Lieutenancy, than in the 
whole Century before his Government, which 
he may be efteemed to have difcharged with a 
commendable, juft, and prudent Admini- 
stration ; a profperous Adminiftration, glori- 
ous for himfelf, and advantageous both for the 
Crown and the Plantation; whilft he was Lieu- 
tenant Governor of that Colony; whilft that 
Colony was honoured with fuch an excellent 
Governor; whilft that Governor was happy 
in fuch a flourifliing, large, and fertile Colony. 

And 



Introduction. iii 

And as this Country has made fuch a con- 
fiderable Progrefs, under the Management of 
the late Governor Spotfwood; fo have we all 
imaginable Profped that it will in the fame 
regular courfe proceed towards its greateft Per- 
fedion, under the Care and Condud of the 
prefent Governor Colonel Dryfdale. 

The Scales of Juftice are now fix'd there 
upon their true Balance, and the Courfe of 
Trade is nearly confined to its right Chan- 
nel. 

Arts, Sciences, Trades, and ufeful Inven- 
tions are now planted there in fome Meafure, 
and with due Cultivation may thrive wonder- 
fully. 

Providence has furninYd this Province 
with all NecefTaries of Life, and Induftry may 
fupply it with all Conveniences and Advan- 
tages, for Profit, Eafe, and Pleafure. 

The beft Meafures have been concerted and 
propofed, and Schemes have been nicely drawn 
for the Encouragement of ufeful Difcoveries 
and laudable Undertakings, both for the Secu- 
rity and Benefit of the Publick. 

And as in Biddings temporal, fo in fpiri- 

tual Concernments, might the Virginians a- 

A 2 bound, 



iv Introduction. 

bound, were the Attempts that have been, 
or may be, made for the due Regulation of 
the Church, as well as State, brought to Ma- 
turity: Were the Laws more plain and par- 
ticular in Relation to Livings; fo that the 
Labours of the Clergy might be rewarded 
with lefs Trouble and Ill-Will in their Pre- 
ferment to Parifhes, and collecting their Dues 
and Salaries ; and were the Principles and 
Pradice of Religion more firmly eftabliuYd, 
which might eafily be done without interfering 
with the Intereft of the People, or Conftitu- 
tion of the Government; with but few Cor- 
relations and Alterations, and but little addi- 
tional Expence. 

More efpecially at this eminent Jundure of 
his Majeftfs mod: Chriftian Goodnefs, in con- 
verting his Palace at Whitehall into a College 
of Preachers; and founding in the Univerfi- 
ties Courts of Statefmen perfectly inftruded in 
modern Languages and Hiftory. 

For if at Home he has in this Refped, as 
well as others, excelled his Royal Predecef- 
fors, why may we not hope that his charita- 
ble Benefactions may likewife be extended 
Abroad to the Church and College of the 
mod antient and loyal Colony of Virginia? 
Through the Means of fuch great and good 
Governors in Church, as his Grace the Arch- 
bijhop of Canterbury, and his Lordlhip the 

Bifhop 



Introduction, v 

Bijhop of London ; the fir ft of which emi- 
nent Patrons of Religion and Learning is 
Chancellor of the College of William and 
Mary at IVilHamsburgh in Virginia; and to 
the other belongs the weighty Care and Charge 
of the Church and Clergy of all that and the 
other EngMJh Plantations. 

Why may we not hope that the College 
founded and endowed there by King William 
and Queen Mary of ever bleffed Memory, 
may partake of tlie royal Favours of our 
prefent tnojl gracious Sovereign ? Why may 
we not hope that the Church confirmed 
there in each Reign fince Queen Elizabeth's, 
may be duly regulated by the pious Directions 
of his prefent Majejly ? 

T'hefe are Actions fuitable to the Genius 
of our mighty Monarch : Thefe are Under- 
takings worthy of the Negotiation of fuch 
pious and learned Bifhops; to whofe Confi- 
deration the following Sheets are in the molt 
fubmifTive Manner offered, humbly requefting 
their Lordfhip's Excufe for this prefumptive 
Freedom; occasioned by the zealous Affec- 
tion which I have for the Colony, which 
principally induced me to this Work, in or- 
der to vindicate the Place and People from 
undeferved Calumny, to make publick true 
Informations of them, to proclaim to the 
World their juft Praifes, and to prove as in- 
2 (trumental 



vi Introduction. 

ftrumental as poffible in the Service of Re- 
ligion, Learning, Arts, advantageous Under- 
takings, and the Trade of that Plantation; to 
do which, I think my felf ftrittly obliged by 
Gratitude and Confcience. 

There are feveral Books upon this Subjed, 
but none defcends to the prefent State and 
Circumftances of this Colony, nor propofes 
what Methods may feem moil; conducive to 
the Promotion of its beft Intereft in all Re- 
fpeds; but without particular Knowledge of 
thefe Things no ufeful Defigns can be carried 
to the beft Advantage, neither by the Govern- 
ment, Societies, Companies, nor by private 
Perfons. 

Wherefore I compofed this as a Supple- 
ment to thofe other Books; treating herein 
for the moft Part of fuch Heads, as are alto- 
gether omitted, or but flightly accounted for, 
or defcribed by others. 

For though fome may have perfed Infor- 
mation and true Notions of thefe Things; 
yet the generality of Mankind are utter Stran- 
gers to what I here fpecify, and entertain com- 
monly very erroneous and monftrous Thoughts 
concerning the Country, Lives, Religion and 
Government of the Virginians; fo that there 
feemed a great Neceffity for a Book of this 
kind; which I have made as plain and intel- 
ligible 



Introduction. vii 

ligible as I poffibly could, and compoied in 
the belt Method that I could deviie for the 
Service of the Plantations, more particularly 
Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina, where 
I have been. 

I have induftrioufly avoided the ornamen- 
tal Drefs of Rhetorical Flourishes, efteem- 
ing them unfit for the naked Truth of hillori- 
cal Relations, and improper for the Purpofe 
of general Propofitions. 

Befides its Truth and my real Defign of 
publick Service, this mean Piece has little to 
recommend it to the Approbation of Man- 
kind, and to introduce it to a candid Re- 
ception in the World. Neverthelefs I ven- 
ture to prefent it with the greatelt Submiffion 
to the Candour of the Reader, with Hopes 
that it may meet with a kind Acceptance ; 
humbly requeuing the following Favours of 
the Readers, viz. 

That they would be pleafed to excufe and 
correct the Errors of the Prefs. 

That if any material Alterations have hap- 
pened to be made that I know not of, fince 
I left Virginia (which is above two Years) 
they will give favourable Allowances for my 
Accounts of fuch Things, and not cenlure me 
as if I endeavoured to impole Falilioods up- 
on 



Vlll 



Introduction. 



on the World; and I hope the fame will be 
granted for any trivial Miftakes which I may 
have made through Forgetfulnefs, or for want 
of Opportunity of Confultation and Advice 
in any fmall circumftantial Point, or in any 
proper Name. 

And laftly, fince Improvement might be 
made for the joint Advantage of Virginia and 
Great Britain in fo many particular Refpeds; 
therefore I hope what I have inftanced in the 
following State and Schemes will be look'd 
upon as mfficient for my Purpofe, without 
making Mention of feveral other beneficial 
Things of the Nature and Ufe of which I 
have but little Knowledge ; fuch as Cotton, 
Pepper, with the large thick Husks of Acorns 
for the Diers Ufe, with the like. 



.^M'i 




THE 




THE 

STATE 

OF 

VIRGINIA. 



.. :: „ : \. :: .: :: „ : \. : =S6s" 

PART I. 



Chap. I. 

Of the Original of the Indians, Euro- 
peans, and Negroes, 

N E main Caufe, why the Gofpel is 
not propagated with better Succefs 
among the Infidels, and why it is not 
more ftridly followed by fuch Eu- 
ropeans as inhabit the American Plan- 
tations, is the little right Knowledge 
that Superintendants of the Church have of them, 
from imperfed Accounts and falfe Information : 

B for 




2 The State of 

for before we can entertain any tolerable Idea of 
the Tenents, and Inclinations of any People; it 
is requifite we fliould know fomething of their 
Original, Temper, and Government ; for want of 
which much Coft and Labour have been in vain 
expended, and many pious Defigns and Projects 
fruftrated. 

And as the Progrefs of Religion, fo for the 
fame Caufes, and in the fame Manner, is the Im- 
provement of Arts, Sciences, and Trade, much 
retarded. 

I iliall therefore exhibit a fhort View of the 
prefent Inhabitants of Virginia ; which are Indi- 
ans, EngliJIi, and Negroes, with a Defcription of 
the Country : After which their Morals and Man- 
ners may more plainly and briefly be defcribed ; 
from whence may eafily be inferred an Account 
of Maryland and North Carolina, nearly agreeing 
with Virginia in many Refpe&s. 

The Indians may be term'd Aborigines ; for to 
pretend to determine their Pedigree exactly, with 
the Time and Manner of feating this unknown 
World, to me feems as morally impoffible, as it 
is naturally to account for the Complexion of their 
Bodies, and the Temper of their Minds. 

So that the bed: Hiitory of them till late Years 
is but meer Guefs-work, of which my Sentiments 
are thefe : 

We know that all Nations of the World are 
the Defcendants of Noah's three Sons, Shem, Ham, 
and Japheth : From the youngeft (from fome pro- 
mifed Bleffings) may we fuppofe the Europeans and 
JVeftern Aftaticks to be defcended. From Canaan 
the Son of the middlemoit iffued the Canaanifes, 
and from fome of his Sons might fpring the Egyp- 
tians y Moors, Negroes, and other Inhabitants of 
Africa. 

From 



VIRGINIA. 3 

From Shem fprung Eber, and from Eber's eldeft 
Son Peleg iprung the Hebrews, and from Eber's 
younger Son Joktan are derived the Eaft, and (I 
fuppofe) their Coufins the Weft-Indians of Ame- 
rica. For in Peleg's Days the Earth was divided, 
Gen. x. 25. and his Brother Jocktarfs Dwelling 
was from Media, as thou goeft unto Sephar, a 
Mount of the Eaft, v. 30. By thefe were the Na- 
tions divided in the Earth after the Flood, v. 32. 

To me the Indians of America feem to be fome 
of the Poiterity of Shem, driven thither by Pro- 
vidence, for Caufes unknown to us, which might 
earily be done (in large Boats or Canoes and Peria- 
guas) from the Ealkrn Parts of Afia, their Grand- 
father Jocktan's Country ; which is not improba- 
ble : Since a Storm might drive them off from 
the Shore, and the trade Winds, which blow 
constantly one Way half the Year, might carry 
them directly to America, over the valt South Sea 
Ocean; in which Paffage their greateft Danger 
of Death might be Hunger and Thirir.; but they, 
that know the Indians, know alfo, that they can 
bear Want a prodigious while ; and what might 
they not bear, when the Divine Power was mi- 
raculoufly concerned in it, for Purpofes known to 
the Almighty only? 

Indeed for what we have yet difcovered, we 
don't know, but the Continent of America may 
be join'd to ^Tartary; from whence (if fo) they 
might have an eafy, though tedious Conveyance. 
Be it how it will, I am of Opinion, that they are 
defcended from Afia, and not Africa', becaufe in 
their copper Colour, long black Hair, limit pro- 
per Shape, and haughty Carriage, they are fome- 
what like the Eaft-Indians \ whereas they feem to 
be of a different Breed from the Negroes, who are 
blacker, have uglier Faces and Bodies, and are of a 
more lervile Carriage, and flaviih Temper: Befides, 
B 2 the 



4. The State of 

the Africans circumcife, which with other Jeivifh 
Cuftoms, I imagine, they may derive from Egypt ; 
whereas the Indians ufe no fuch Pradices: More- 
over they hate, and defpife the very Sight of a 
Negroe; but they feem to like an Eajl-Indian, and 
fear and revere the Whites. 

What fome may objed in Contradi&ion to the 
Univerfality of the Deluge ; that the Communi- 
cation between Afta and America was wafhed a- 
way by it; thence inferring that the Americans 
are of Antidiluvian Families, may (I prefume) be 
exploded, when we remark, that in raoft Places, 
at a great Depth, and far diftant from the Sea, 
are many great Beds of ftrange Shells, and Bones, 
and Teeth of Fifh and Beafts vaftly different from 
any Land or Water-Animals now found in thofe, 
or any other Parts of the World; fo that not- 
withftanding all the curious Speculations of Philo- 
fophers to reconcile this with Reafon, and afcribe 
for it natural Caufes ; yet to me it appears evident- 
ly to be a Token, and Relid of the general Flood 
of Noah. For thefe Shells and Bones might be 
eafily preferved from Corruption, and mouldering 
fo long a Time, whilft covered with a great Thick- 
nefs of dry Earth, and kept from Air ; to which 
when they are expofed they foon decay. 

The beft true Account that we have of the 
Primitive wild Inhabitants of the Earth, not civi- 
lized by Government, nor affifted by Learning, 
Arts and Communication with Strangers, is of 
the Canaanites\ whofe State of Nature the Indi- 
ans ft ill retain, refemblihg them in moft Refpeds, 
who may be their Couiins defcended from Joktan, 
and may be fome curfed Generations, for Reafons 
hidden from us. For which Caufes they might 
be feparated from the reft of Mankind, and be de- 
barred the Light of Grace, and kept in their bar- 
barous Ignorance, for their obftinate Rebellion a- 
i gainft 



VIRGINIA. 5 

gainft God; till of his gracious Goodnefs and Mer- 
cy he be pleafed in his appointed Time to com- 
pleat their Convertion, and be more favourable to 
them. 

I have a much truer and clearer Notion of the 
Canaanites, Hebrews, &c. fince I have feen the 
Indians, than I could have before, who afford li- 
ving Examples of the primitive Savages, and Ido- 
laters. 

To confirm this, obferve; that as the Inhabi- 
tants of the Land of Canaan, who were vanquish- 
ed by the Israelites, and were principally defcend- 
ed from Canaan the fourth Son of accurfed Ham, 
being a Mixture of feveral remarkable Nations 
that were great and idolatrous, and in an efpecial 
Manner hateful to God, with frequent Wars and 
Barbarities among themfelves'; in like Manner are 
the American Indians^ as lavage, idolatrous, unbe- 
lieving, numerous, monftrous, idle and delighting 
in War and Cruelty as their antient Relations the 
Inhabitants of the Land of Canaan; and have as 
many different Nations, Languages, and itrange 
Names and Cuitoms as the Canaanites, the Jebu- 
fites, the Hittites, the Hivites, the Perizites, and 
the Gergifttes. The Indians being fubdivided into 
as many Branches and Sovereignties as they, inter- 
mixt with as hideous Neighbours, as the Gigan- 
tick Philiftines of the Race of Mijraim; with the 
Moabites and Amerites, Defcendants of Lot by his 
own Daughters; with the Midiahites and Edomties, 
the Polterity of Midian and Efau. 

The Senecaa Indians in their War Drefs may ap- 
pear as terrible as any of the Sons of Anak. The 
Ujberees, Shvterees, and Cberackees are full as for- 
midable as the Hittites, Jebufites, and Amalakites; 
and a T?i/kan>oda// is as linage and itrange as any 
I naanite, that dwelt by the Sea; and a Vmnun- 
kee, Sapony, or Sugarr is as fierce and frightful as 
8 any 



6 The State of 

any Amorite that dwelt upon or beyond the Moun- 
tains; and Powhatan, Oppechancanough and Wicl- 
maunatauchee have fought many Battles not unlike 
Og, Sihon, and Chederlaomer. 

In my mean Judgment it feems not improbable 
that when Noah had curled the Pofterity of Ham, 
and referved different bleffings for Shem and Ja- 
pheth, God let a diftinguifhing Colour upon their Bo- 
dies, and ingrafted in their Nature various Tempers, 
and endowed them with feparate Talents. From 
whence their Pofterity are of three different Com- 
plexions and Countenances, as is apparent in White, 
Black, and Brown People, which by Mixtures, 
or from Climates or otherwife are fubdivided: Par- 
cularly the brown Children of Shem have two pe- 
culiar Afpeds different from each other, and di- 
ftind from all the reft; one proper to the Jews, 
the Sons of Peleg, and the other belonging to the 
Eafl and Weft-Indies, the Sons of Johtan, Pcleg's 
younger Brother. 

To the white Pofterity of Japheth, viz. to the 
Europeans in particular are Noah's Words (Gen. ix. 
27.) very applicable, where he laid, that God jhoulcl 
enlarge Japheth, and he jhould dwell in the ^tents of 
Shem, and Canaan jhall be his Servant; which 
feems fulfilled in our Poffeffion of Lands in the 
Eaft and Weft-Indies, the Tents of the Sons of 
Shem, where Canaan or the N eg roe is our Servant 
and Slave ; and as it is laid of him in the 25 th Verfe, 
a Servant of Servants is Canaan unto his Brethren, 

For the Negroes feem evidently to be Defen- 
dants from fome of the Sons of Canaan. For it 
is not to be fuppofed that the Jeivs deftroyed them 
all, for the Families of the Canaanites were fpread 
Lib road, Gen. x. 18. fo that probably in procefs of 
Time they poffeffed Africa. As for the Blejfmg 
upon Shem in the 26 th Verfe, and Canaan being his 
Servant 1 this appears to be fulfilled in the Jews 

in 



VIRGINIA. 7 

in Part, defcended from Peleg, Heber's eldeft Son; 
from whom fprung Abraham the Father of the 
Faithful, in whole Seed the Lord God of Sbem 
may be laid to be blefled according to Noah's Pro- 
phecy, who made Part of Canaan Slaves, and took 
them Captive. And as for the other Branches of 
"s Pofterity by Joktan (which Sound is not quite 
loft in either of the Indies) I take them to be the 
and IVeJI-lndzes, Cbinefe, and Tartars; and 
it may be the Perjians, for whom with their Cou- 
hns the Jews, none but God knows what BlelTmgs 
may ftill be referved in Store, it being to be hoped 
that they and all the Ends of the World may be 
converted, and fee and partake of the Salvation 
of our God ; fo that by all may the Lord God of 
Sbem at length be bleffed. 

Thus far, as to my Notions of the Original of 
the Indians, whom I imagine to be defcended from 
fome of the Sons of Joktan, fecond Son of Eber, 
Iprung from Sbem, Noab's eldeft Son : With a 
Derivation of the Wbites from Japbetb the young- 
eft, and the Negroes from lome of the Sons of 
Canaan, Defcendant of Hum, Noah's fecond Son. 



Chap. II. 

Of the Government, Religion, flabit, 
Wars, Lives, Cufloms, &c. of the 
Indians of North America, and of 
Chriftanna. 

y'-'i., S to the Government and Life of the In* 
.»j(\; ' (1/jiis, they live in a kind of patriarchal 
^'i.'-" Manner, varioufly di\ erlit\ \l. not unlike 
the Tribes and Families mentioned in the Old 

Tcihimcnt 



8 The State of 

^ejiament. Every fmall Town is a petty King- 
dom govern'd by an abfolute Monarch, affifted and 
advifed by his great Men, feleded out of the gra- 
ved:, oldeft, braveft, and richeft; if I may allow 
their Dear-Skins, Peak and Roenoak (black and 
white Shells with Holes, which they wear on 
Strings about their Arms and Necks) to be Wealth. 

Sometimes there are general Emperors, who have 
feveral petty "Kingdoms in iome Meafure under 
their Protection and Power. 

They dwell in Towns fome twenty, iome a 
hundred Miles, and fome farther from one ano- 
ther, each Town having a particular Jargon and 
peculiar Cuftoms ; though for the moft Part they 
agree in certain Signs, Expreffions, and Manners. 

They are frequently at War with all their Neigh- 
bours, or moft of them, and treat their Captive 
Prifoners very barbaroufly ; either by fcalping 
them (which I have feen) by ripping off the Crown 
of the Head, which they wear on a Thong by 
their Side as a fignal Trophee and Token of Vic- 
tory and Bravery. Sometimes they tie their Prifo- 
ners, and lead them bound to their Town, where 
with the moft joyful Solemnity they kill them, 
often by thrufting in feveral Parts of their Bodies 
fcewers of Light-wood which burn like Torches. 
The poor Vidim all the while (which is iometimes 
two or three Days) not fhewing the leaft Symp- 
tom of Grief, nor Sign of Pain, but bearing it 
with a fcornful Sullennefs. 

In their Rejoicings and Wardances they with 
the moft antick Geftures, in the moft frightful 
Drefs, with a hideous Noife, enumerate the Ene- 
mies, that they have murder'd, and fuch like Ex- 
ploits. 

They attack always by Surprize, and will ne- 
ver ftand their Ground when difcovered; but fly 
to Ambufh, whither the Enemy may purfue with 
Peril of his Life. They 



VIRGINIA. 9 

They are made for running very fwiftly, and 
are nicely dextrous at fiflling, hunting, and 
fowling; whereby they fupport themielves and 
Families with Venifon, Fifli, wild Turkies, &c. 

The Women do all the hard Labour, fuch as 
cutting down the Trees, planting Corn, c-'V. car- 
rying Burthens and all their other Work; the 
Men only hunting, hilling and fowling, eating, 
drinking, dancing and fleeping. 

The Boys itill ule Bows and Arrows for Exer- 
cife, with which they are very dextrous; but the 
Men always ufe Fire-Arms, which with Ammu- 
nition they buy of us with their Dear-Skins, go- 
ing rarely out unarmed. 

They are fo wonderfully quick-fighted, that 
they will fwiftly puriue by Eye the Track of any 
Thing among the Trees, in the Leaves and Grafs, 
as an Hound does by the Scent, where we can't 
perceive the leait Mark or Footitep. 
// They cohabit in fome hundreds of Families, 
and fix upon the richeft Ground to build their 
wooden Houles, which they place in a circular 
Form, meanly defended with Pales, and covered 
with Bark ; the middle Area (or Forum) being for 
common Ufes and publick Occafions. The Wo- 
men in order to plant their Indian Con; and To- 
bacco (to clear the Ground of Trees) cut the Bark 
round; fo that they die and don't (hade the Ground, 
and decay in Time. 

Wherever we meet with an old Indian Field, 
or Place where they have lived, we are fure of 
the beft Ground. They all remove their Habita- 
tion for fear of their Enemies, or tor the Sake of 
Game and Provinon. 

They have fmall Sweating Houfes like Ovens; 
out of which when they are almolt 1 mothered 
with Heat, they run into a Riser, which they 
always contrive to build their Towns near. 

C This 



io The State of 

This Pra&ice in all Diltempers often kills vaft 
Numbers in Sickneffes, which are new to them. 

They have no Notion of providing for Futu- 
rity ; for they eat Night and Day whilft their 
Pro vi lion lafts, falling to as foon as they awake, 
and falling aileep again as ioon as they are well 
crammed. 

Their Filh, Flefh, and Fowl, they either bar- 
bacue on an high Gridiron, or broil on iliarp 
Sticks before a Fire, which they always keep in 
the Middle of their Cabbin ; and they lie upon 
Boards and Skins raifed like Benches round about 
their Room. 

Their Drink is Water, unlefs they can get 
Rum ; with which they make themfelves the 
greateft Beafts, never cealing as long as they have 
Liquor to drink, and can keep awake. 

I have known, when Cows have been given 
them, that they let them go dry for Lazinefs in 
negle&ing to milk them, and die in the Winter 
for want of Fodder. 

They commonly wear a Dear-Skin, putting 
their Arms thro' the Holes of the Shoulder, with 
a Flap ty'd before and behind to cover their Naked- 
nefs; though they buy often Matchcoats or Blankets 
now, to defend them from the Wet and Cold, 
and think themfelves very fine in fuch Coats as 
our common Soldiers wear, or of any taudry Co- 
lours: Befides this, fome pin Pieces of red or blue 
Cloth about their Legs, and make Moccqfons or 
leather Purfes for their Feet, with which they can 
travel in the Woods, without Danger of Thorns 
or Stumps. For all the Country is but one con- 
tinued Foreft, with Patches of fome hundred A- 
cres here and there cleared ; either being formerly 
feated by Ind/uns, or the Trees being burnt in 
Fire-Hunting, or cut down for Plantations. 

Their 



VIRGINIA. n 

Their Children almoft as foon as born, arc ty'd 
flat on their Backs to a Board ; and (o may be 
flung on the Ground, or put to Iran againft any 
Thing, or be flung over their Neck in Travelling, 
or hung upon a Bough, as Occanon requires. 

This occafions them to be exactly ftrait : (o 
that it is a Miracle to fee a crooked or deformed 
Indian. 

Their Hair is very black, coarfe and long; and 
they are all over daubed frequently with Bear's Oil. 

Each Nation has fome diltinguiihing Mark, 
especially in the Cut or Tie of their Hair, in 
which they are very whimfical and comical. 

They often wear Shells hanging upon their 
Breath, with Feathers or a Deer's Tail in their 
bored Ears or Hair, with a Wolf or Fox-Skin 
for a Snapfack : with other odd Accoutrements. 

In their Opinion, they are fineft when drefled 
moll ridiculoufly or terribly. Thus fome have 
their Skins all over curiouily wrought with blewiili 
Lines and Figures, as if done with Gun-Powder 
and Needles, and all of them delight in being- 
painted ; io that when they are very fine, you may 
fee fome of them with their Hair cut off on one 
Side, and a long Lock on the other. The Crown 
being crefted and bedaubed with red Lead and 
Oil ; their Forehead being painted white, and it 
may be their Note black, and a Circle of Blue 
round one Eye, with the Cheek red, and all the 
other Side of the Face yellow, or in fome luch 
fantaftical Manner. Thefe Colours they buy of 
us, being perfuaded to defpife their own, which 
are common and finer. 

They are treacherous, fufpicious and jealous, 
difficult to be perfuaded or impofed upon, and ve- 
ry fharp, hard in Dealing, and ingenious in their 
Way, and in Things that they naturally know, or 
have been taught ; though at tirlt they are very 

C 2 (il)iiinau . 



12 The State of 

obltinate, and unwilling to apprehend or learn 
Novelties, and feem itupid and filly to Strangers. 

An Inll:ance or their reiolute Stupidity and Ob- 
itinacy in receiving a new Cuftom, I have feen in 
the prodigious Trouble of bringing them to fell 
their Skins, and buy Gunpowder by Weight ; for 
they could not apprehend the Power and Juitice of 
the Stilliard ; but with the Scales at Length they 
apprehended it tolerably well ; though at firlt they 
infixed upon as much Gunpowder as the Skin 
weighed, which was much more than their De- 
mand in Meafure. They have Geographical No- 
tions, as to the Situation of their own Country, 
and will find the Way to very remote Places in 
a furprizing Manner ; fleering by the Courfe of 
the Rivers, <2iV. or by the Trees, whofe North Side 
is eafily known by the Mofs. 

Thus I know, that Wichmannatauchee (a great 
King among the Southern Indians) whom I faw 
juft before, and fince, when he made his Efcape 
from his Enemy Indians at Chrijlanna, where his 
Queen and abundance of his People were flain, 
and he ty'd in order to be carried away Prifoner ; 
yet broke loole, and ran diredly Home feveral 
hundred Miles ilark-naked, without Arms or Pro- 
vifion, in the Month of March, when the Trees 
afforded no Fruit ; neither did he go near any o- 
ther Nation, till he got to his own ; therefore I 
fuppofe Roots were his Provifion, and Water his 
Liquor, unlefs by fome cunning Method (with 
which they abound) he caught Fiih, Fowl, or 
Venilon ; and as for Fire I know they can kindle 
that by rubbing of certain Sticks together. 

They count their Time by Days, or by the 
Return of the Moon, and Cobonks, a fort of wild 
Geefe. They walk one after another in a Line, 
are very ferious in Debates, fpeak but one at a 
Time ; and in Negotiations all agree to what ei- 
ther 



VI H C I N I A. 13 

ther propofes or approves of, and are not ealily 
im poled upon ; and when affronted, they highly 
relent Injuries, and being treacherous are no more 
to be truited than tame Lions, who can't wholly 
lofe their lavage Hearts. 

They have tolerable good Notions of natural 
Juftice, Equity, Honour and Honefty, to the 
Rules whereof the great Men ftrictly adhere ; but 
their common People will lye, cheat, and fteal. 

They leldom commit Violence upon the Eng- 
lish, but when provoked, or put on by others. 

The French, that are feated upon the River of 
St. Laurence and the MeJJiJippi, and the Lakes be- 
tween them in Canada and Lovijiana, which ex- 
tend behind all the Englijh Plantations along the 
Heart of North America a vaft Way, from the 
molt Northern Parts of the French Settlements, 
which are contiguous quite to the Gulf of Mexi- 
co, are numerous, and through the Policy of their 
late King intermarry with the Indians-; by which 
means being united with them, they often fet them 
on to deftroy the Englijh, which may prove dan- 
gerous in Cafe of a War with France. 

But to prevent more Mifchiefs of this kind, 
Providence has iecured us from them by a conti- 
nued Ridge of vaft high Hills, called the Apela- 
chian Mountains, running nearly under the Meri- 
dian, as being paffable but in very few Places ; 
which Mountains through the Care and Condi 18 
of the Honourable Colonel Spot/wood are fecured 
for his Majelty, tho' not guarded as yet; which 
might eafily be done to the great Safety and En- 
couragement of back Settlements in a vaft rich 
Country Weftward of the Settlements of / 
nia, fome hundred of Miles from the Sea quite to 
the Mountains, which might prove a Terror to 
the French Indiam and Planters^ in Cafe of In- 
roads and Irruptions, and become a Safeguard to 
the Trade ot thole Places. Governor 



14 The State of 

Governor Spot/wood, when he undertook the 
great Difcovery of the PaJJage over the Mountains, 
attended with a iufficient Guard and Pioneers and 
Gentlemen, with a fufficient Stock of Provifion, 
with abundant Fatigue faffed theie Mountains, and 
cut his Majeftfs Ni!//ic in a Rock upon the Higheji 
of them, naming it Mount George; and in 
Complaiiance the Gentlemen from the Governor's 
Name, called the Mountain next in Height, 
Mount Alexander. 

For this Expedition they were obliged to pro- 
vide a great Quantity of Horfe-Shoes; (Things 
feldom ufed in the lower Parts of the Country, 
where there are few Stones:) Upon which Ac- 
count the Governor upon their Return prefented 
each of his Companions with a Golden Horie-Shoe* 
(fome of which I have feen ltudded with valuable 
Stones reiembling the Heads of Nails) with this 
Inscription on the one Side : Sic juvat tranfeendere 
montes : And on the other is written the tramon- 
tane Order. 

This he inltituted to encourage Gentlemen to 
venture backwards, and make Diicoveries and new 
Settlements ; any Gentleman being entitled to wear 
this Golden Shoe that can prove his having drank 
His Majeftfs Health, upon Mount George. 

He built a Fort called Chrijlanna, which tho* 
not fo far back, yet proved of great Service and 
Ufe ; where at his fole Expence (I think) I have 
feen Seventy Seven Indian Children at a Time at 
School, under the careful Management of the 
worthy Mr. Charles Gr/ffi//, who lived there fome 
Years for that Purpofe ; from whom I have been 
informed of molt of the Indian Cuftoms and Prin- 
ciples, that I here mention, except fuch as I have 
feen and known my felf. 

Theie Children could all read, fay their Cate- 
chifms and Prayers tolerably well ; but this pious 

Defign 



VIRGINIA. 15 

Defign being laid afide thro' the Opposition of 
Trade and Interest, Mr. Griffin was removed to 
the College to teach the Indians, inltruded there 
by the Benefaction of the Honourable Mr. Boyle. 

The Indians fo loved and adored him, that I 
have feen them hug him and lift him up in their 
Arms, and fain would have chofen him for a 
King of the Sapony Nation. 

The Southern Indians, that came feveral hun- 
dred Miles to meet the Governor, there to treat of 
War, and Peace, and Trade, though they had fe- 
veral murthered by their own Northern Enemies, 
(even under the Mouths of our great Guns, and 
whiltt we were there) which made them fomewhat 
jealous that we had betray'd them ; yet left feve- 
ral Children under his Care, and engaged them- 
felves to fend more, though they themfelves would 
not relinquiih their Barbarity; for they in rea- 
soning with us by Interpreters, afked Leave to be 
exculed from becoming as we are ; for they thought 
it hard, that we mould defire them to change 
their Manners and Cuitoms, fince they did not de- 
fire us to turn Indians: However, they permitted 
their Children to be brought up in our Way ; and 
when they were able to judge for* themfelves, they 
were to live as the English, or as the Indians, 
according to their bed liking. 

The Indians have a blind Worfhip and Sacri- 
fice, Prieits, and Phylicians, and Expiation, with 
howling Lamentations and Purgation at their Bu- 
rials : All which I have feen at the Funeral of 
their Slain at Chriftanna, whom they buried thus; 
having made Holes like Saw-Pits, and lined them 
with Bark and Sticks, they wrapped the Bo- 
dies in the belt Cloth they could buy with the 
Skins of the Deceafed, and laid them in the Graves, 
with all the Cloths, Skins and Nicknacks of the 
Dead: Then they covered the Body hollow with 

Sticks, 



1 6 The State of 

Sticks, and flung in the Earth with mournful 
Noife ; fo the Bodies lay as in Coffins. 

The Prieit or Phyfician in curing the Wounded, 
made an hideous Noife, tinging certain Charms, 
with particular Aciions and Forms of Incantation, 
to which he afcribed the Cure, tho' I believe this 
is done only to blind the common Indians ; for I 
obferved he did not begin his Operation, till he 
had been in the Woods. Then he lhut us all out 
for an Hour, and when we were readmitted, I 
perceived he had been ufing certain Roots and 
Herbs that I knew not. 

Upon Enquiry, we have from them thefe 
their Notions of the State of the Dead. 

They believe that they go to Mohomny that 
lives beyond the Sun, if they have not been 
Wicked, nor like Dogs nor Wolves, that is, not 
unchaft, then they believe that Mahomny fends 
them to a plentiful Country abounding with Fifh, 
Fleili and Fowls, the beft of their Kind, and eafy 
to be caught ; but if they have been naughty, 
then he fends them to a poor barren Country, 
where be many Wolves and Bears, with a few 
nimble Deer, fwift Fifh and Fowls, difficult to be 
taken ; and when killed, being fcarce any thing 
but Skin and Bones. 

They allow Polygamy, if the Man can main- 
tain his Family, as I have been informed. 

They punilli Adultery in a Woman by cutting 
off her Hair, which they fix upon a long Pole 
without the Town ; which is fuch a Difgrace that 
the Party is obliged to fly, and becomes a Vidim 
to fome Enemy, a Slave to fome Rover, or pe- 
rifhes in the Woods. 

They have certain Hieroglyphic at Methods of 
characterizing Things ; an Inftance of which I 
have feen upon the Side of a Tree where the 
Bark was taken off. 

4. There 



VIRGINIA. 17 

There was drawn fomething like a Deer and 
a River, with certain Strokes and Dallies; the 
Deer Looking down the River, which we inter- 
preted to be left for Information to fome of their 
ftragling Company, that certain of them were 
gone down that River a Hunting, and others were 
gone different Ways. 

I know by the Boys at the College, that they 
have an excellent den ins for Drawing ; and I fancy 
by Art they might be made fome of the bell: Ma- 
ilers of Painting and Limning, to which they feem 
naturally inclined. 

They hate Injury and OpprefTion ; and I have 
been told they have fome capital Punifhments. 

Beiides the French, the traders of iome Com- 
panies and Countries often fet the Indians on to 
injure the Englijb on the Frontiers, out of a bar- 
barous inhuman Defign; and often private Injuries 
done by fome of our ordinary or vile People (who 
elteem and ufe the Indians as Dogs) are repaid 
with publick Barbarity. 

An Initance of their Refolutions for Satisfaction, 
we have in the Death of Major Wynne, who was 
lliot by an Indian, becaule one of our Servants 
had killed one of their great Men; and upon the 
Trial of the Indian, they pleaded that we were 
the Aggreffors, and that they never reft without 
Revenge and Repxifals ; and that now they laid 
we and they were equal, having each loll a great 
Man: Wherefore to avoid more Bloodlhed, there 
was a NecefTity to pardon the Indian. 

They report that the Northern Indians lend out 
Bodies of young Fellows yearly, who dare not 
return without a certain Number of Scalps or 
Priloners. in order to train them up, and qualify 
them for great and fighting Men. 

Now thefe, and fuch as are fet on by others, 
do fome Mifchief (tho' but very leldom ) in the 

D Frontier 



i8 The State of 

Frontier Plantations, tho' they be guarded with 
Rangers; and thefe with fuch as think themfelves 
injured are the Indians that make Wars, and fuch 
Disturbance in the Northern and Southern Colo- 
nies : But the tributary Indians, of which there 
are but four very fmall Nations in Virginia on this 
Side the Mountains, keep to the Bounds allowed 
them, and leldom do any Hurt, being fure to be 
puniilied for Offences in a great Meafure by our 
Laws, fince we proted and fhelter them, by per- 
mitting them to live among us ; tho' fometimes 
they will pretend to claim their prior Right to all 
our Lands, as Blunt King of the itiifkaroodaus did, 
when he told Colonel Spot/wood that the Country 
belonged to them before we Engli/b came thither ; 
fo that he thought they had a better Title than 
we, and ought not to be confined to fuch narrow 
Limits for Hunting. 

To retort this Argument, the Governor told 
him that Mohomny took the Ground from them 
and gave it us, becaufe we did as he bid us, but 
they would not. 

Blunt anfwered, that they could not tell what 
Mohomny would have them do ; and afked how 
we knew. 

The Governor then told him that Mohomny fent 
his Son to us, who lived a long time with us, and 
told us and taught us what we fhould do; and 
then he went back again to his Father. 

With this King Blunt feemed fatisfied and fur- 
prized ; and after a Paufe, he laid, he had talked 
with feveral Governors and other Engli/b, but he 
really never before heard that Mohomny had a 
Son. 

I relate this, to fhew how by Degrees, after pro- 
per Methods, they may be humoured, and brought 
to have fome Notions of the true Religion, when 
their Capacity and Temper is rightly ftudied and 
3 managed ; 



VIRGINIA. 19 

managed; for we mult give Milk to fuch Babes in 
Faith. 

Some indeed, after feeming Conversion have a- 
poltatized and returned to their own Ways, chiefly 
becaufe they can live with lefs Labour, and more 
Pleafure and Plenty, as Indians, than they can with 
us ; but this might eafily be remedied by making 
a plentiful Provifion for them, efpecially thofe at 
the College, by fending fome to Sea, and putting 
out others to Trades, and not letting them idle 
away their Time, nor return to their Towns fo 
foon, before they be perfed in the Understanding 
and Approbation of our Cuftoms and Religion, 
and have feen fome more of the World, and be 
handfomly provided for ; for then if they return- 
ed, they might do Good to themfelves and o- 
thers. 

This might by Degrees convert all the tributary 
and neighbouring Indians ; and the Northern and 
Southern Nations might be managed by Mijfionaries 
from the Society, and the College Indians. 

Theie inland People are vaftly numerous, as I 
have been told by the Traders, who are fent out 
amongft. them feven or eight hundred Miles, with 
about a hundred Horfes, and ftay there fometimes 
for Years together. 

The Miffionaries that are now fent, generally 
keep among the Englijk, and rarely fee an Indian ; 
or when they do, know but little how to manage 
them; for you may as well talk Reafon, Philolo- 
phy, or Divinity to a Block, as to them, unlefs you 
perfectly underltand their Temper, and know how 
to humour them. 

I believe indeed, Mr. Andrews, Miffionary to 
the Northern Indians, in the late Queen's Time, 
did great Good among them in ieven Years : In 
which Time, he found out iomething of their 
Nature, and tranilated Part of our Prayers and 
D 2 Pfalms 



20 The State of 

Pfalms into their Language : Which Book when he 
gave me, he told me that it had not the defired 
Effed, neither did his Preaching avail as much as 
could be wifhed, becaufe Policy and Intereft in- 
tervening often fuperieded the Promotion of the 
Gofpel, and the debauched Lives and vile Practices 
of our ordinary People give Examples very perni- 
cious to Religion ; for the Indians think, that 
they may furely be allowed the fame Liberty as 
we ; and if our Folks don't ad, as they fay, they 
fhould, the Indians may think the Chrifiian Pro- 
fejjion to be a Cheat, when our pretended Princi- 
ples are contradicted by our Actions. 

I have here lpecified fome general Cuftoms and 
Notions of the Indians, without a iuperficial 
Knowledge of which Things the Government 
and Society for propagating the Goipel in Fo- 
reign Parts, may be at great Trouble and Expence, 
and yet make but fmall Progrefs in the Propaga- 
tion of Learning, Religion and good Manners 
among the Heathen Indians of America ; who in 
Grofs may all be faid to be fuch, as I have here 
given an Account of. 




PART II, 



VIRGINIA. 



21 



PART II. 



Chap. I. 
Of the Englifri Settlements in Virginia. 

|p$p^ H E firft Difcovery made for the Englijh 
fii^VjS^i in North- America, was in the Year 1584, 
§^^S ( a hundred and forty Years ago)by Captain 
®K£w£KHa Philip AmidaSi and Captain Arthur Bar- 
lew, by the Protection and Encouragement of 
Queen Elizabeth; with the Perfuafion and Direction 
of Sir Walter Raleigh. 

They anchored at Rocnoak Inlet, now belong- 
ing to the Government of North Carolina^ and 
from the J'irgin Queen, and the apparent Purity of 
the Indians, and primitive Plenty of the Place, 
that new difcover'd Part of the World was named 
Virginia. 

After that, Sir Richard Greenvile, Sir Francis 
Drake, and Sir Walter Raleigh carried on the Pro- 
ject, and made Advancements in it, with the Leave 
of the Government; which were promoted and 
continued by the Merchants of London, Brijlol, 
Exeter and Plymouth-, with Variety of Accidents, 
Succeffes and Diiappointments in Refped of their 
Trade and Profeffions, and War and Peace with 
the Indians-, efpecially under the Conduct of Cap- 
tain Smith, who was employed by the Company 
of Merchants incorporated by King James I. in 
1606 ; ami has written a large Hiltory of his par- 
ticular Tranladions. 

5 They 



22 The State of 

They then fixed chiefly at, and near James 
Town, on a {mail Ifland in James River, till the 
Year 1609, when they fent out Settlements to 
Nanfemond, Powhatan, and the Year after to Ki- 
qiiotan. 

After that the Plantations of Virginia were 
formed into a Government, managed firll: by three, 
and afterwards by one Governor, to whofe Af- 
firmance in a fmall Time they added Counfellors ; 
and in 1620, they called an Affembly of BurgeJJes, 
who being elected by the People, met the Gover- 
nor and Council at James Town, and debated Mat- 
ters for the Improvement and good Government 
of the Country. 

About this Time the Dutch brought over fome 
Negroes for Sale, who are now wonderfully en- 
creaied ; befides the conftant Supplies of them 
imported yearly. 

At this Time,they made new Settlements, laid out 
and apportioned Lands, fome to the Governor, fome 
for a College and Indian School, fome to the Church 
and Glebes, and fome to particular Perfons ; and 
carried on Salt II r orks and Iron Works, befides To- 
bacco. 

This Profperity of the Colony fo encouraged 
its Increale, that one thoufand three hundred Peo- 
ple have gone over in one Year to fettle there; 
upon which they made Country Courts for the Tryal 
of fome Caufes and Criminals under the General 
Court and Affembly ; but private Intereft and Quar- 
rels byaffing the Governors and other Perfons 
concerned, often introduced ill Succefs, Fadion, 
and Indian Wars. 

The fatal Confequences of this Male-Admini- 
Jlration cry'd fo loud, that King Charles I. coming 
to the Crown of England, had a tender Concern 
for the poor People, that had been betrayed thi- 
ther and almoft loll : Upon which be dhTolved 

the 



VIRGINIA. 23 

the Company in i6l6, reducing the Country and 
Government into his own immediate Direction, 
appointing the Governor and Council himfelf, and 
ordering all Patents and Procejjes to iffue in his 
own Name, referving to himfelf a (Quit-Rent of 
two Shillings for every hundred Acres of Land. 

In this happy Conftitution, the Colony of Vir- 
ginia has pro'fperoufly encreafed gradually and 
wonderfully, to its prefent molt flouriihing Con- 
dition. 

Indeed Bacon's Rebellion againlt the Governor 
occahoned a great deal of Bloodihed and Diltur- 
bance; but that after his Death loon cealed. 

The affured good Report of this vaft Trad 01^ 
Land and happy Climate encouraged feveral Gen- 
tlemen of Condition and good Defcent, to tran- 
fport themfelves and Families, and fettle in this 
new Paradife ; fome for the Sake of Wealth, fome 
for Religion, and others becaufe they could not 
well live elfe where ; and others becaufe they dared 
'/} not, or cared not to ftay at Home. 

But one particular Occafion that lent feveral Fa- 
milies of good Birth and Fortune to fettle there, 
was the Civil Wars in England; for Sir William 
Barkley the Governor being ltrong for the King, 
held out the latt of all the King's Dominions againlt 
the UJurper; and likewife proclaimed King Charles 
II. before the Rejloration. 

This fafe Receptacle enticed over feveral Cava- 
lier Families, where they made many Laws againlt 
Puritans, tho' they were free from them; which 
had this good Succefs, that to this Day, the Peo- 
ple are as it were quite free from them, being all of 
the Church of England, without the odious diftin- 
guilhing Characters of High or Low among them- 
felves. Indeed, there are a few Quakers in fome 
of the worlt Counties, where Clergymen are un- 
willing to fettle, fuch as the lower Parrs of Nanje- 

mond 



24- The State of 

mond County; but thefe might eafily be brought 
over to the Church-, and I am fully perfuaded 
that the Growth of their Doftrine might be eafi- 
ly nipped in the Bud, by very plain Methods. 

Among other Perfons of Diftindion that went 
over to fettle in Virginia, was the noble Cacilius 
Calvert Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholick, who 
with his Family, Friends and Attendants, was 
willing to retire thither for the free Exercife of 
his Religion. 

He obtained a Patent for all that vaft Part of 
Virginia, which lies to the Northward of the 
great River Potowmack; which was confirmed to 
his Son and his Heirs in the Year 1633. 

This Province was named Maryland from the 
Royal Confort of King Charles I. and remains ftill 
the Propriety of the prefent Lord Baltimore and his 
Heirs, with the Reftriftion of their being Pro- 
tefiants ; and is perhaps the largeft Eftate in the 
World belonging to any one Perfon, that is not a 
Prince. 

Though the Church of England be eftablifh'd 
in Maryland-, yet it is a Sanctuary for Papijh, who 
are pretty numerous there, and enjoy the Freedom 
of their Priejls and Mafs in a great Meafure, with- 
out Moleftation. 




Chap. 



VIRGINIA. 25 



Chap. II. 

Of the Metropolis Williamfburgh, and 
the College, Capitol, and Governor 7 
fiioufe, and the Church, &c. 

S* H E firft Metropolis, James Town, was 
JUi built in the moil convenient Place for 
<E^ Trade and Security againlt the Indians, 
V 2^ but often received much Damage, be- 
ing twice burnt down ; after which it never reco- 
vered its Perfection, confining at prelent of no- 
thing but Abundance of Brick Rubbith, and three 
or four good inhabited Houies, tho' the Paritli is 
of pretty large Extent, but lefs than others. When 
the State Hoi/fe and Prifon were burnt down, Go- 
vernor Nicholjbn removed the Refidence ot the 
Governor, with the Meeting of General Courts and 
General Ajlemhlies to Middle Plantation, feven 
Miles from James Toicn, in a healthier and more 
convenient Place, and freer from the Annoyance 
of A hijkettoes. 

Here he laid out the City of Williamjburgh (in 
the Form of a Cypher, made of //'. and M.) on 
a Ridge at the Head Springs of two great Creeks, 
one running into James, and the other into fork 
River, which are each navigable for Sloops, with- 
in a Mile of the Town; at the Head of which 
Creeks are good Landings, and Lots laid out, and 
Dwelling Houfes and Ware Houies built; io that 
this Town is molt conveniently (ituated, in the 
Middle of the lower Part of Virginia, command- 
ing two noble Rivers, not above four Miles from 
either, and is much more commodious and health- 
ful, than if built upon a River. 

E Publick 



26 The State of 

Publick Buildings here of Note, are the Col- 
lege, the Capitol, the Governor's Houie, and 
the Church. The Latitude of the College at 
Williamjhurgh, to the beft of my Obfervation, is 
37 . 1\'. North. 

The Front which looks due Eaft is double, and 
is 136 Foot long. It is a lofty Pile of Brick 
Building adorn'd with a Cupola. At the North 
End runs back a large Wing, which is a hand- 
fome Hall, anfwerable to which the Chapel is to 
be built ; and there is a fpacious Piazza on the 
Weft Side, from one Wing to the other. It is 
approached by a good Walk, and a grand Entrance 
by Steps, with good Courts and Gardens about 
it, with a good Houfe and Apartments for the In- 
dian Mafter and his Scholars, and Out-Houfes; 
and a large Pafture enclofed like a Park with about 
150 Acres of Land adjoining, for occafional Ufes. 

The Building is beautiful and commodious, be- 
ing firft modelled by Sir Chriftopher Wren, adapted 
to the Nature of the Country by the Gentlemen 
there ; and fince it was burnt down, it has been 
rebuilt, and nicely contrived, altered and adorned 
by the ingenious Diredion of Governor Spot/wood ; 
and is not altogether unlike Chelfea Hofpital. 

This Royal Foundation was granted and efta- 
bliih'd by Charter, by King William and Queen Ma- 
ry, and endowed by them, with fome thouland 
Acres of Land, with Duties upon Furs and Skins, 
and a Penny a Pound for all Tobacco tranfported 
from Virginia and Maryland, to the other Planta- 
tions ; to which have been made feveral additional 
Benefadions, as that handfom Eftablifliment of 
Mr. Boyle, for the Education of Indians, with the 
many Contributions of the Country, especially a 
late one of 1000 /. to buy Negroes for the College 
Ufe and Service. 



The 



VIRGINIA. 27 

The Society is a Corporation eftablifh'd for a 
}dent, Jix Majers or Profejjbrs, with a hun- 
dred Scholars, more or lefs. 

For iome Caufes that I can't account for, the Re- 
venue is not improved as much as might be with- 
ed; neither is the College brought to that Method 
of Education and Advantage, as it might be ; tho' 
'tis hoped, that in a few Years it will, like the 
Palm Tree, grow to the greater Perfedion, un- 
der the weighty Obltacles that load it. 

The Salary of the Prefident Mr. James Blair, 
has been lately ordered to be reduced from 150 to 
IOO /. per J nn. 

The Salary of the Fellows (one of which I 
have been feveral Years) is 80 /. per Ann. each, 
with 20 s. Entrance, and 20 s. a Year for Pupilage 
for each Scholar : The Payments are fometimes 
made in Current Spanijh Money, and fometimes in 
Sterling Bills. 

The Nature of the Country fcarce yet admits 
of a Pollibility of reducing the Collegians to the 
nice Methods of Life and Study obferved in Ox- 
ford and Cambridge', tho' by Degrees they may 
copy from thence many ufeful Cuitoms and Con- 
ititutions. 

When the College fhall be compleatly finiilied, 
and Scholarfhips founded, then is the Trull to be 
transferred from the Tn/jlees to the Pre intent and 
U. [iters ; but at prefent it is managed by a certain 
Number of Governors or / '/liters, (one of which 
is eholen yearly Reclof) appointed firft by the 
Tn/ytees, elected out of the principal and worthieft 
Inhabitants. 

Theie appoint a Perfon, to whom they grant 
feveral Privileges and Allowances to board and 
lodge the Matters and Scholars at an extraordinary 
cheap Kate. 

E 2 This 



28 The State of 

This Office is at prefent performed in the neat- 
eft and moft regular and plentiful Manner, by 
Mrs. Mary St/th, a Gentlewoman of great Worth 
and Difcretion, in good Favour with the Gentry, 
and great Eiteem and Refped with the common 
People. 

Great Pity it is, but the noble Defign of this 
College met with more Friends to encourage, and 
Benefadors to advance, its flourilliing State. 

One Happinefs is, that it has always a Chancel- 
lor in England, chofen by the Governors or Feof- 
fees ; to whofe Patronage and Diredion it may 
have Recourfe upon emergent Occasions. 

The laft Chancellor was the late Bijhoft of Lon- 
don ; and the prefent is his Grace the Archhijhop of 
Canterbury. 

The Chancellor continues in that Office but fe- 
ven Years; fo that it may happen as foon as he 
has obtained a perfed Knowledge and Acquain- 
tance with the Perfons and Affairs belonging to 
the College, his Term is expired : Befides their Bu- 
finefs in other momentous Affairs at Home may 
divert them, and the Diitance of the Country 
may prevent them from obtaining true Notions, 
and exad Accounts of the Nature of the Colony 
and the College ; fo that for thefe Reafons, they can't 
do for it the Good, which they otherwife might : 
For their better Information, and for Diredion of 
all, in promoting Religion and Learning in this 
Plantation, I have made Publick this Account of 
it, and its Inhabitants. 

Fronting the College at near its whole Breadth, 
is extended a noble Street mathematically ftreight 
(for the firft Defign of the Town's Form is 
changed to a much better) juft three Quarters of 
a Mile in Length : At the other End of which 
ftands the Capitol, a noble, beautiful, and commodi- 
ous Pile as any of its Kind, built at the Coft of the 

late 



V I R C, I N I A. 29 

late ffneen, and by the Direction of the Gover- 
nor. 

In this is the Secretary's Office with all the 
Courts of Jvftzce and Law, held in the fame Form, 
and near the fame Manner, as in England; except 
the Ecclefiaftical Courts. 

Here the Governor and twelve Counfellors fit as 
Judges, at the General Courts in April and Octo- 
ber, whither Trials and Caufes are removed from 
Courts, held at the Court-Houfes Monthly in eve- 
ry Countv by a Bench of Jufikes and a County 
Clerk. 

Here are alfo held the Oyer and terminer Courts, 
one in Summer, and the other in Winter, added 
by the Charity of the late J j/een, for the Preven- 
tion of Prifoners lying in Goal above a Quarter 
of a Year before their Trial. 

Here are alio held Courts Martial, by Judges 
appointed on Purpofe, for the Trial of Pyrates ; 
likewife Courts of Admiralty, for the Trial of 
Ships for illegal Trade. 

The Building is in the Form of an H nearly ; 
the Secretary 's Office, and the General Court taking 
up one Side below Stairs; the Middle being an 
handfom Portico leading to the Clerk of the Af- 
femblfs Office, and the Houfe of Burgeffes on the 
other Side ; which laft is not unlike the Houfe 
of Com?nons. 

In each Wing is a good Stair Cafe, one leading 
to the Council Chamber, where the Governor and 
Council fit in very great State, in Imitation of 
the King and Council, or the Lord Chancellor and 
Houfe of Lords. 

Over the Portico is a large Room where Confe- 
rences are held, and Prayers are read by the Chap- 
lain to the General Affembly ; which Office I 
have had the Honour for fome Years to perform. 
At one End of this is a Lobby, and near it is the 
6 Clerk 



30 The S t a r e of 

Clerk of the Council's Office ; and at the other End 
are feveral Chambers for the Committees of Claims, 
Privileges, and Elections ; and over all thefe are fe- 
veral good Offices for the Receiver General, for 
the Auditor, Treafurer, &c. and upon the Middle 
is raifed a lofty Cupola with a large Clock. 

The whole is furrounded with a neat Area, 
encompafled with a good Wall, and near it is a 
ftrong fweet Prifon for Criminals ; and on the o- 
ther Side of an open Court another for Debtors, 
when any are removed thither from other Prilons 
in each County ; but fuch Prifoners are very rare, 
the Creditors being there generally very merciful, 
and the Laws fo favourable for Debtors, that fome 
efteem them too indulgent. 

The Caufe of my being fo particular in de- 
icribing the Capitol is, becaufe it is the beft and 
mod commodious Pile of its Kind that I have 
feen or heard of. 

Becaufe the State Houfe, James Town, and the 
College have been burnt down, therefore is pro- 
hibited in the Capitol the Ufe of Fire, Candles, 
and Tobacco. 

Parallel to the main Street mentioned is a 
Street on each Side of it, but neither quite fo 
long nor broad ; and at proper Diftances are fmall 
crofs Streets, for the Convenience of Communi- 
cation. 

Near the Middle Hands the Church, which is a 
large ftrong Piece of Brickwork in the Form of 
a Crofs, nicely regular and convenient, and adorn- 
ed as the bell: Churches in London. This from 
the Parifh is called Bruton Church, where I had 
the Favour of being Lecturer. 

Near this is a large O&ogon Tower, which is 
the Magazine or Repofitory of Arms and Ammu- 
nition, Handing far from any Houfe except James 

Town 



VIRGINIA. 31 

Town Court'Hovfe ; for the Town is halt in 
James T'own County, and half in fork County. 

Not far from hence is a large Area for a Mar* 
ket Place \ near which is a Play Houfe and good 
Bowling Green. 

From the Church runs a Street Northward cal- 
led Palace Street; at the other End of which 
ftands the Palace or (lover nor' s Houfe, a magnifi- 
cent Structure, built at the publick Expence, fi- 
nifhed and beautified with Gates, fine Gardens. 
Offices, Walks, a fine Canal, Orchards, &c. with 
a great Number of the beft Arms nicely pouted, 
by the ingenious Contrivance of the moft accom- 
plifhed Colonel Spot/Wi 

This likewile has the ornamental Addition of a 
good Cupola or Lanthorn, illuminated with molt 
of the Town, upon Birth~Nights, and other Nights 
of occalional Rejoicings. 

At the Capitol, at publick Times, may be feen a 
great Number of handfom, well-drefs'd, compleat 
Gentlemen. And at the Governor's Houfe upon 
Birth-Nights, and at Balls and AJfemblies, I have 
feen as fine an Appearance, as good Diverfion, 
and as fplendid Entertainments in Governor S 
wood's Time, as I have feen any where elfe. 

Thefe Buildings here defcribed are jultly repu- 
ted the belt in all the Englif/. ica, and are ex- 
ceeded by few of their Kind in England. 

In every Part of this Town are excellent Springs 
of good Water, or elfe may be made good Wells; 
and the Ground falling on both Sides, conveys 
the Water and Rain by fmall Channels into the 
Creeks; but to make the main Street exactly le- 
vel, the AfTembly lately gave a conliderable Sum. 
which was expended in removing Earth in fome 
Places, and building a Bridge over a low Channel : 
fo that it is now a plealanr. Long dry Walk, broad, 
and almoft level from the College '<> 'he Capitol. 

IVilliamjhurgk 



32 The State of 

Williamjhurgh is now incorporated and made a 
Market Town, and governed by a Mayor and Alder- 
men ; and is well itock'd with rich Stores, of all 
Sorts of Goods, and well furnilhed with the beft 
Provilions and Liquors. 

Here dwell leveral very good Families, and more 
refide here in their own Houfes at publick Times. 

Thev live in the fame neat Manner, drefs after 
the fame Modes, and behave themfelves exaftly as 
the Gentry in London ; moil Families of any Note 
having a Coach, Chariot, Berlin, or Chaife. 

The Number of Artificers is here daily aug- 
mented ; as are the convenient Ordinaries or Inns 
for Accommodation of Strangers. 

The Servants here, as in other Parts of the 
Country, are Engli/b, Scotch, Iri/b, or Negroes. 

The Town is laid out regularly in Lots or fquare 
Portions, fufficient each for a Houfe and Garden ; 
fo that they don't build contiguous, whereby may 
be prevented the fpreading Danger of Fire ; and 
this alfo affords a free Paffage for the Air, which 
is very grateful in violent hot Weather. 

Here, as in other Parts, they build with Brick, 
but moft commonly with Timber lined with Ciel- 
ing, and cafed with feather-edged Plank, painted 
with white Lead and Oil, covered with Shingles 
of Cedar, &c. tarr'd over at firft ; with a Paffage 
generally through the Middle of the Houfe for an 
Air-Draught in Summer. 

Thus their Houies are lading, dry, and warm 
in Winter, and cool in Summer ; efpecially if 
there be Windows enough to draw the Air. 

Thus they dwell comfortably, genteely, plea- 
fantly, and plentifully in this delightful, healthful, 
and (I hope) thriving City of Williamfhurgh. 



Chap. 




l r I H G I N I A. 33 



C H A P. Ill, 

Of the Situation and Nature of the Coun- 
try of Virginia, and its Coafls, &c. 

N D E R the Meridian is extended the 
'* Expanfe Bay of Che/apeak, efteemed one 
of the nobleft and fafeft Bavs in the 
World. 

The Land on the Eajl Side of it is called the 
Eajiern Shore, the Northern Part of it belonging 
to Maryland, and the Southern containing Acco- 
mack and Northampton Counties belonging to Vir- 
ginia ; at the extreme Point of which lies one of 
the Capes of Virginia, the other being oppofite 
to it, one called Cape Henry, and the other Ca pe 
Charles; without theie runs a bold Shore South- 
ward, being the Coaft of North Carolina. 

After Ships are clear of England, they need go 
near neither Land, Rocks, nor Shoals, but in a 
direct Courle might crofs the vaft Atlantick 0- 
cean about a thouiand Leagues nearly W. S. W . 
till they make Land fomewhat to the Southward 
of the Capes ; then knowing (by their Latitude, 
or Landmarks, or by certain Trees ) what Land they 
are near, they may eafily get within the Capes, 
unleis they happen to be kept off to Sea for fome 
Time by bluftering Northnvejlers \ or unleis they 
carelciTly fall upon Cape Hatteras, or other Shoals 
on that Coaft, in known Latitudes; fo that this 
may be efteemed as eafy a Voyage as any. 

There are belonging to Virginia four principal 
Rivers ( neither of them inferior upon many Ac- 
counts to the Thames or Severn) that empty them- 
felves into the Bar after they have glided fome 
F Hundreds 



v 



34 The S t a t e of 

Hundreds of Miles fromwards the Mountains, 
the Weftern Bounds of Virginia. 

The moft Southerly of thefe Rivers is called 
James River, and the next York River, the Land 
in the Latitude between thefe Rivers feeming moll: 
nicely adapted for Jweet fcented, or the fineft to- 
bacco ; for 'tis oblerved that the goodnefs de- 
creafeth the farther you go to the Northward of 
the one, and the Southward of the other; but 
this may be (I believe) attributed in lbme Meafure 
to the Seed and Management, as well as to the 
Land and Latitude : For on York River in a fmall 
Trad of Land called Digges's Neck, which is 
poorer than a great deal of other Land in the fame 
Latitude, by a particular Seed and Management, 
is made the famous Crop known by the Name of 
the E Dees, remarkable for its mild tafte and fine 
Smell. 

The next great River is Rappahannock, and the 
fourth is Potowmack, which divides Virginia from 
the Province of Maryland. 

Thele are fupplied by leveral leffer Rivers, luch 
as Chickahommony and others, navigable for Veflels 
of great Burthen. 

Into thefe Rivers run abundance of great 
Creeks or fhort Rivers, navigable for Sloops, Shal- 
lops, Long-Boats, Flats, Canoes and Pcriagi/as. 

Thefe Creeks are fupplied with the Hide, (which 
indeed does not rife fo high as in hi/rope, fo pre- 
vents their making good Docks) and alio with frefh- 
Water-runs, replenifhed with Branches ifluing 
from the Springs, and foaking through the Swamps; 
fo that no Country is better watered, for the Con- 
veniency of which moft Houfes are built near fome 
Landing-Place ; fo that any Thing may be deli- 
vered to a Gentleman there from London, Brijhl, 
&c. with lefs Trouble and Coft, than to one li- 
ving rive Miles in the Country in England: for 

you 



V I % G I N I A. 35 

you pay no Freight tor Goods from London, and 
but little from Briftol\ only the Party to whom 
the Goods belong, is in Gratitude engaged to 
freight Tobacco upon the Ship configned to her 
Owners in England. 

Becauie ot this Convenience, and for the Good- 
nefs of the Land, and for the fake of Fifli, Fowl, 
&c. Gentlemen and Planters love to build near the 
Water ; though it be not altogether fo healthy as 
the ( ' pi j /ids and Barrens, which ferve for Ranges 
for Slock. 

In the I' pi and s near the Ridge generally run 
the main Roads, in a pleafant, dry, fandy Soil, 
free from Stones and Dirt, and (haded and flicker- 
ed chiefly by Trees ; in fome Places being not un- 
like the Walks in Greenwich Park. 

Thus neither the Interefr. nor Inclinations of 
the Virginians induce them to cohabit in Towns : 
fo that they are not forward in contributing their 
AfTiftance towards the making of particular Places, 
every Plantation affording the Owner the Provi- 
lion of a little Market ; wherefore they moft 
commonly build upon iome convenient Spot or 
Neck of Land in their own Plantation, though 
Towns are laid out and ellablifli'd in each Coun- 
ty ; the bed of which (next Williamfimrgh) are 
lofk, Glocefter, Hampton, Elizabeth Town, and 
( ' rhjnna. 

The Colony now is encreafed to twenty nine 
Counties, naturally bounded (near as much as may 
be ) one with another about as big as Kent ; but 
the frontier Counties are of vaft Extent, though 
not thick feated as yet. 

The whole- Country is a perfect Foreil, except 
where the Woods are cleared for Plantations, and 
old Fields, and where have been formerly Indian 
Towns, and poifoned Fields and Meadows, where 
the Timber has been burnt down in Fire-Hunting 
F 2 or 



36 The S t a t e of 

or otherwife ; and about the Creeks and Rivers 
are large rank MoraJJes or Marjhcs, and up the 
Country are poor Savannahs. 

The Gentlemen's Seats are of late built for the 
moil: Part of good Brick, and many of Timber 
very handfom, commodious, and capacious ; and 
likewife the common Planters live in pretty Tim- 
ber Houfes, neater than the Farm Houfes are gene- 
rally in England : With Timber alfo are built 
Houfes for the Overfeers and Out-Houfes ; among 
which is the Kitchen apart from the Dzvelling 
Ho?fe, becaufe of the Smell of hot Viduals, of- 
fenfive in hot Weather. 



Chap. IV. 

Of the Negroes, with the Planting and 
Management of Indian Corn, Tobac- 
co, &c. and of their Timber, Stock, 
Fruits, Provifion, and habitations, 
&c. 

HE Negroes live in fmall Cottages called 
M Quarters, in about fix in a Gang, under 




¥1 



f§ the Direction of an Overfeer or Bailiff; 
.;?-: ; .V who takes Care that they tend fuch Land 
as the Owner allots and orders, upon which they 
raife Hogs and Cattle, and plant Indian Corn (or 
Maize) and Tobacco for the Life of their Mafter ; 
out of which the Overfeer has a Dividend (or Share) 
in Proportion to the Number of Hands including 
himfelf ; this with feveral Privileges is his Salary, 
and is an ample Recompence for his Pains, and 

Encou- 



VIRGINIA. ; >7 

Encouragement of his induftrious Care, as to the 
Labour, Health, and Provinon of the Negroes. 

The Negroes are very numerous, iome Gentle- 
men having Hundreds of them of all Sorts, to 
whom they bring great Profit ; tor the Sake of 
which they are obliged to keep them well, and 
not over-work, ltarve, or famifh them, befides 
other Inducements to favour them ; which is 
done in a great Degree^ to inch eipecially that are 
laborious, careful, and honelt ; tho' indeed fome 
Mailers, carelefs of their own Intereit or Reputa- 
tion, are too cruel and negligent. 

The Negroes are not only encreafed by freih 
Supplies from Africa and the Weft India Iflands, 
but alio are very prolifick among themlelves; and 
they that are born there talk good Englijb^ and af- 
fect our Language, Habits, and Cuitoms ; and 
tho' they be naturally of a barbarous and cruel 
Temper, yet are they kept under by fevere Dis- 
cipline upon Occafion, and by good Laws are pre- 
vented from running away, injuring the Engl (fa 
or neglecting their Bufinefs. 

Their Work (or Chimerical hard Slavery) is 
not very laborious; their greateit Hardihip con- 
fitting in that they and their Poiterity are not at 
their own Liberty or Dilpoial, but are the Pro- 
perty of their Owners; and when they are free, 
they know not how to provide io well for them- 
felves generally ; neither did they live fo plenti- 
fully nor (many of them) fo eafily in their own 
Country, where they are made Slaves to one ano- 
ther, or taken Captive by their Enemies. 

The Children belong to the Mailer of the Wo- 
man that bears them ; and Inch as are born of a 
Negroe and an European are called Molattoes\ but 
fuch as arc born of an Indian and Negroe arc called 
Mttftees. 

' Their 



38 The Stat e of 

Their Work is to take Care of the Stock, and 
plant Corn, "Tobacco, Fruits, &c. which is not 
harder than Thrajbing, Hedging, or Ditching; be- 
tides, tho' they are out in the violent Heat, where- 
in they delight, yet in wet or cold Weather there 
is little Occafion for their working in the Fields, 
in which few will let them be abroad, left by this 
means they might get fick or die, which would 
prove a great Lofs to their Owners, a good Ne- 
groe being fometimes worth three (nay four) Score 
Pounds Sterling, if he be a Tradefman ; fo that 
upon this (if upon no other Account) they are 
obliged not to overwork them, but to cloath and 
feed them fufficiently, and take Care of their 
Health. 

Several of them are taught to be Sawyers, Car- 
penters, Smiths, Coopers,- &c. and though for the 
moft Part they be none of the apteft or niceft ; 
yet they are by Nature cut out for hard Labour 
and Fatigue, and will perform tolerably well ; 
though they fall much fliort of an Indian, that 
has learn'd and feen the fame Things; and tkofc 
Negroes make the beft Servants, that have been 
Slaves in their own Country; for they that have 
been Kings and great Men there are generally lazy, 
haughty, and obftinate ; whereas the others are 
(harper, better humoured, and more laborious. 

The Languages of the new Negroes are various 
harlh Jargons, and their Religions and Cujloms fuch 
as are beft defcribed by Mr. Bo/man in his Book 
intitled (I think) A Defcription of the Coajis of 
Africa. 

The Virginia Planters readily learn to become 
good Mechanicks in Building, wherein moft are 
capable of directing their Servants and Slaves. 

As for Timber they abound with excellent good; 
having about eight Sorts of Oak, feveral Kinds of 
Walnut-Tree, and Hickory and Pignut, Pine, Ce- 
dar. 



VIRGINIA. 39 

dar, and Cyprefs for Shingles ; which covering is 
lighter than Tiles, and being nailed down, are not 
eafily blown off in any Tempelt or Gi/Ji. 

The Oak, c-'Y. is of quick Growth, conse- 
quently will not la.lt io long as ours ; though it has 
a good Grain, and is freer from Knots, and will 
la.it long enough for Shipping, and ordinary Uies. 

When a Tract of Land is feated, they clear it 
by felling the Trees about a Yard from the Ground, 
lelt they fhould lhoot again. What Wood they 
have Occanon for they carry off, and burn the 
reft, or let it lie and rot upon the Ground. 

The Land between the Logs and Stumps they 
how up, planting Tobacco there in the Spring, in- 
cloling it with a flight Fence of cleft Rails. This 
will laft for Tobacco fome Years, if the Land be 
good; as it is where fine Timber, or G rape I'ino 
grow. 

Land when hired is forced to bear Tobacco by 
penning their Cattle upon it ; but Con-pen Tobac- 
co taltes llrong, and that planted in wet marfhy 
Land is called Nonburning Tobacco, which imoaks 
in the Pipe like Leather, unlefs it be of a good 

A s e - 

When Land is tired of Tobacco, it will bear In- 
dian Corn or Engl if 11 'beat, or any other Europe- 
an Grain or Seed, with wonderful Increafe. 

Tobacco and Indian Corn are planted in Hills as 
Hops, and fecured by // ' or mf cures, which are made 
of Rails iupporting one another very firmly in a 
particular Manner. 

Tobacco requires a great deal of Skill and Trou- 
ble in the right Management of it. 

They raife the Plants in Beds; as we do Cabbage 
Plants; which they tra/f plant and replant upon 
Occafion after a Shower of Rain, which they call 
a Seajbn. 

When 



4-0 The State of 

When it is grown up they top it, or nip off the 
Head, Juccour it, or cut oft" the Ground Leaves, 
weed it, hill it; and when ripe, they cut it down 
about fix or eight Leaves on a Stalk, which they 
carry into airy tobacco Houjes ; after it is withered 
a little in the Sun, there it is hung to dry on Sticks, 
as Paper at the Paper-Mills; when it is in proper 
Cale, (as they call it) and the Air neither too moilt, 
nor too dry, they Jlrike it, or take it down, then 
cover it up in Bulk, or a great Heap, where it 
lies till they have Leilure or Occafion to ftem it 
(that is pull the Leaves from the Stalk) or Jrip it 
(that is take out the great Fibres) and tie it up in 
Rands, or Jir eight lay it \ and fo by Degrees prize 
or prefs it with proper Engines into great Hog- 
iheads, containing from about fix to eleven hun- 
dred Pounds ; four of which Hogiheads make a 
Tun, by Dimenfion, not by Weight; then it is 
ready for Sale or Shipping. 

There are two Sorts of Tobacco, viz. Oroonoko 
the ftronger, and Sweetfcented the milder ; the firit 
with a lharper Leaf like a Fox's Ear, and the o- 
ther rounder and with finer Fibres : But each of 
thefe are varied into feveral Sorts, much as Apples 
and Pears are ; and I have been informed by the 
Indian Traders, that the Inland Indians have Sorts 
of Tobacco much differing from any planted or 
ufed by the Europeans. 

The Indian Com is planted in Hills, and weed- 
ed much as Tobacco. 

This Grain is of great Increafe and moil gene- 
ral Ufe ; for with this is made good Bread, Cakes, 
Mujb, and Hommony for the Negroes, which with 
good Pork and Potatoes (red and white, very nice 
and different from ours) with other Roots and 
Pulfe, are their general Food. 

Indian Corn is the beft Food for Cattle, Hogs, 
Sheep and HorJ'es ; and the Blades and Tops are ex- 
cellent 



VIRGINIA. + i 

cellent Fodder, when well cured, which is com- 
monly uled, though many raile good Clover and 
Oats; and iome have planted Sanfoin, ( 

In the Marjbes, and floods, and old Fields is 
good Range for Slock in the Spring, Summer, and 
Fall ; and the Hogs will run fat with certain Roots 
of Flags and Reeds, which abounding in the 
Marjbes they root up and eat. 

Behdes, at the Plantations are ltandard Pcctcb- 
Trees, and A p pie-Trees, planted out in Orchards, 
on Purpoie almoft for the Hogs. 

The Peaches abound, and are of a delicious 
Talte, and A p pie-Trees are railed from the Seeds 
very foon, which kind of Kernel Fruit needs no 
grafting, and is diverlify'd into numberlels Sorts, 
and makes, with good Management, an excellent 
Cyder, not much inferior to that of Herefordjbire, 
when kept to a good Age ; which is rarely done, 
the Plantei'S being good Companions and Guejis 
whillt the Cyder lalts. Here Cherries thrive much 
better (I think) than in England; tho' the Fruit- 
Hrees loon decay, yet they are loon railed to great 
Perfection. 

As for // ool, I have had near as good as any 
near Leominfter; and it might be much improved 
if the Sheep were houled every Night, and fod- 
dered and littered as in ( T rchinfield, where they 
have by fuch Means the fineit // ool ; but to do 
this, would be of little Ule, fince it is contrary 
to the Interelt of Great Britain to allow them 
Exportation of their Woollen Manufactures ; and 
what little Woollen is there made might be near- 
ly had as cheap, and better from England* 

As tor Provifion, there is Variety of excellent 
Fijh in great Plenty ealily taken ; elpecially Oyjkrs, 
Sheepjbeads, Rocks, large Trouts, Crabs, Drums, 
Sturgeons, &C. 

G Thei 



42 The State of 

They have the lame tame Fowl as in England, 
only they propagate better; but thefe exceed in 
wild Geefe and Ducks, Coboncks, Blew-lVings, Teal, 
Swans, and Mallard. 

Their Beef and Veal is fmall, fweet, and fat 
enough ; their Fork is famous, whole Virginia 
Shoots being frequently barbacued in England; their 
Bacon is excellent, the Rams being fcarce to be 
diltinguilhed from thofe of IVefpkalia ; but their 
Mutton and Lamb fome Folks don't like, though 
others extol it. Their Butter is good and plenti- 
ful enough. Their Venifon in the lower Parts of 
the Country is not fo plentiful as it has been, tho' 
there be enough and tolerably good ; but in the 
Frontier Counties they abound with J'enifon, wild 
Turkies, &c. where the common People fometimes 
drefs Bears, whofe Flefh, they fay, is not to be 
well diftinguifhed from good Pork or Bacon. 

They pull the Down of their living Geefe and 
wild and tame Ducks, wherewith they make the 
fofteft and fweeteft Beds. 

The Houfes ftand fometimes two or three toge- 
ther ; and in other Places a Quarter, half a Mile, 
or a Mile, or two, afunder, much as in the Coun- 
try in England. 




C H A P. 



VIRGINIA, -m 4-3 



Chap. V. 

Of the Habits, Cuftoms, Parts, Im- 
ployments, Trade, (Sc of the Vir- 
ginians ; and of the Weather, Coin, 
Sicknefs, Liquors, Servants, Poor, 
Pitch, Tar, Oar, &c. 

§?§8l88l§§ H E Habits, Life, Cuftoms, Compute* 
i ■■- : °: tions, &:c. of" the 1'irginians are much 

'1 the lame as about Loin Ion, which they 
eiteem their Home ; and for the molt 
Part have contemptible Notions of England, and 
wrong Sentiments of Briftol, and the other Out- 
sorts, which they entertain from feeing and hear- 
ing the common Dealers, Sailors, and Servants 
that come from thofe Towns, and the Country 
Places in England and Scotland, whofe Language 
and Manners are ftrange to them ; for the Planters, 
and even the Native Negroes generally talk good 
Englijb without Idiom or Tone, and can difcourfe 
handlomly upon mqft common Subjeds ; and con- 
verting with Perfons belonging to Trade and Na- 
vigation from London, for the molt Part they are 
much civilized, and wear the belt ot Cloaths ac- 
cording to their Station ; nay, fometimes too good 
for their Circumltances, being for the Generality 
comely handlom Perfons, of good Features and 
fine Complexions ( if they take Care) of good 
Manners and Addreis. The Climate makes them 
bright, and of excellent Senle, and (harp in Trade, 
an Ideot, or deformed Native being almoit a Mi- 
racle. 

G 2 Thus 



44 The Stat e of 

Thus they have good natural Notions, and will 
loon learn Arts and Sciences ; but are generally di- 
verted by Bufmefs or Inclination from profound 
Study, and prying into the Depth of Things ; 
being ripe for Management of their Affairs, be- 
fore they have laid fo good a Foundation of Learn- 
ing, and had iuch Inltructions, and acquired fuch 
Accompliftiments, as might be initilled into fuch 
good natural Capacities. Neverthelefs thro' their 
quick Apprehenfion, they have a Sufficiency of 
Knowledge, and Fluency of Tongue, tho' their 
Learning for the moil: Part be but fuperficial. 

They are more inclinable to read Men by Bu- 
fmefs and Converfation, than to dive into Books, 
and are for the moft Part only defirous of learning 
what is abfolutely neceffary, in the ihorteft and 
beft Method. 

Having this Knowledge of their Capacities and 
Inclination from fufficient Experience, I have 
compofed on Purpofe fome lliort Treatifes adapted 
with my bell: Judgment to a Courfe of Education 
for the Gentlemen of the Plantations ; connfting 
in a ftiort Englijh Grammar ; an Accidence to Chri- 
stianity ; an Accidence to the Ala then/a ticks, efpecially 
to Arithmetick in all its Parts and Applications, 
Algebra, Geometry, Surveying of Land, and Navi- 
gation. 

Thefe are the moft ufeful Branches of Learn- 
ing for them, and fuch as they willingly and rea- 
dily mafter, if taught in a plain and ftiort Me- 
thod, truly applicable to their Genius; which I 
have endeavoured to do, for the Ufe of them, 
and all others of their Temper and Parts. 

They are not very eafily perfuaded to the Im- 
provement of ufeful Inventions (except a few, 
fuch as Sawing Mills) neither are they great En- 
couragers of Manufactures, becaufe of the Trou- 
ble and certain Expence in Attempts of this kind, 

with 



VIRGINIA. 4.5 

with uncertain Profpefl of Gain: whereas by 
their ltaple Commodity, Tobacco, they are certain 
to get a plentiful Provifion; nay, often very great 
Eftates. 

Upon this Account they think it Folly to take 
off their Hands (or Negroes) and employ their 
Care and Time about any thing, that may make 
them leffen their Crop of Tobacco. 

So that though they are apt to learn, yet they 
are fond of, and will follow their own Ways, 
Humours, and Notions, being not eafily brought 
to new Projeds and Schemes; fo that I queftion. 
it they would have been impofed upon by the 
VLiffiftppi or South-Sea, or any other fuch mon- 
ltrous Bubbles. 

In their Computations of Time, Weights and 
Meafures both of Length, Superficies, and Solidi- 
ty, they ftrictly adhere to what is legal ; not run- 
ning into precarious Cuftoms, as they do in Eng- 
land. Thus their Ouart is the true Winchefier. 
their Hundred is 100, not 112, and they furvey 
Land by Statute Meaiure. 

Indeed, what Englijh Coin is there, is advanced 
in Value; lo that a Shilling paries for 14^/. and a 
Guinea goes by Tale tor 26/. but the Current 
Money is the Spani/b; which in Reality is about 
'5"/. per Cent, inferior to our Englijk Coin, as let- 
tied by Law: but frequently the Value of this 
varies in Refpeft of Sterling Bills according to 
the Circumftances of Trade; Currency and Ster- 
ling being fometimes at a Par; but for the Gene- 
rality 10 per Cent. Diicount is allowed for Ster- 
ling Bills. 

As tor Education feveral are lent to England foi 
it; though the Virginians being naturally of good 
Parts, ta- I have already hinted) neither require 
nor admire as much Learning, as we do in />' - 
A////; yet more would be lent over, were the} 
a 



4.6 The State of 

not afraid of the Small-Pox, which moll: com- 
monly proves fatal to them. 

But indeed when they come to England they 
are generally put to learn to Perfons that know 
little of their Temper, who keep them drudging 
on in what is of leail Ufe to them, in pedantick 
Methods, too tedious for their volatile Genius. 

For Grammar Learning taught after the common 
round-about Way is not much beneficial nor de- 
lightful to them ; lb that they are noted to be 
more apt to fpoil their School-Fellows than im- 
prove themfelves ; becaufe they are imprifoned 
and enilaved to what they hate, and think ufelefs, 
and have not peculiar Management proper for their 
Humour and Occafion. 

A civil Treatment with fome Liberty, if per- 
mitted with Difcretion is moll: proper for them, 
and they have moll: Need of, and readily take po- 
lite and mathematical Learning ; and in Englifh 
may be conveyed to them (without going directly 
to Rome and Athens) all the Arts, Sciences, and 
learned Accomplifhments of the Antients and 
Moderns, without the Fatigue and Expence of 
another Language, for which few of them have 
little Ufe or Neceffity, fince (without another) 
they may underftand their own Speech ; and all 
other Things requifite to be learn'd by them fooner 
and better. 

Thus the Youth might as well be inftructed 
there as here by proper Methods, without the Ex- 
pence and Danger of coming hither; efpecially 
if they make Ufe of the great Advantage of the 
College at Williamfburgh, where they may (and 
many do) imbibe the Principles of all human and 
divine Literature, both in Englifh and in the 
learned Languages. 

* By the happy Opportunity of this College may 
they be advanced to religious and learned Educa- 
tion, 



VIRGINIA. 47 

tion, according to the Discipline unci Doctrine 
of the eftablifhed Church of England; in which 
Refpett this College may prove of lingular 
Service, and be an advantageous and laudable 
Nurfery and ftrong Bulwark againft the con- 
tagious diffentions in Virginia; which is the 
molt antient and loyal, the molt plentiful and 
flourifhing, the molt extenfive and beneficial 
Colony belonging to the Crown of Great 
Britain^ upon which it is molt diredly de- 
pendant ; wherein is eitablifh'd the Church of 
England free from Fa&ion and Seas, being ruled 
by the Laws, Cuitoms, and Conltitutions of Great 
Britain^ which it itrictly obierves, only where 
the Circumftances and Occalion of the Country 
by an ablolute Neceffity require fome fmall Alte- 
rations : which neverthelefs mull not be contrary 
( though different from and iublervient ) to the Laws 
ot England. 

Though the Violence of neither Whig nor To- 
ry reigns there, yet have they Parties; for the ve- 
ry belt Adminiltration mult expeft to meet with 
fome Oppolition in all Places; efpecially where 
there is a Mixture of People of different Coun- 
tries concerned, whole Education and Intereit. 
may propofe to them Notions and Views different 
from each other. 

Molt other Plantations, efpecially they that are 
granted away to Proprietors, are interior to Vir- 
ginia: where the feeming Intereit and Humour ot 
the Owners often divert them from Purfuit of 
the molt proper Methods ; betides, they cannot 
have fuch a right Claim to the Favour of tin 
Crown, nor demand its belt Protection, iince 
they may often interfere with ir- Intereit : where- 
as Virginia is efteemed one of the moil valuable 
Gems in the Crown of Great /•' f ain. 



Thi 






48 The S t a t e of 

Thus Virginia having to itfelf (with Mary- 
land} the ftaple Commodity of Tobacco, has a 
great Advantage of all other Plantations on the 
Continent for the Encouragement of the Crown ; 
whereas others belonging to Gentlemen, or having 
no peculiar Trade, cannot expect iuch Power to 
advance and promote their Intereft. 

To this add, that Virginia equals, if not ex- 
ceeds, all others in Goodnefs of Climate, Soil, 
Health, Rivers, Plenty, and all Neceffaries, and 
Conveniencies of Life : Belides the has, a- 
mong others, thefe particular Advantages of her 
younger Sifter Mary Laid, viz. Freedom from Po- 
pery, and the Direction of Proprietors ; not but 
that Part of Virginia, which is between the Ri- 
vers Potowmack and Rappahannock belongs to Pro- 
prietors, as to the Ouit-Rent ; yet the Govern- 
ment of thele Counties (called the Northern Neck) 
is under the fame Regulation with the other 
Parts of the Country. 

. If New England be called a Receptacle of Dii- 
fenters, and an Amjterdam of Religion, Penjyl- 
vania the Nurfery of Quakers, Maryland the Re- 
tirement of Roman Catholicks, North Carolina the 
Refuge of Run-aways, and South Carolina the 
Delight of Buccaneers and Pyrates, Virginia may 
be juftly efteemed the happy Retreat of true Bri- 
tons and true Churchmen for the moft Part; nei- 
ther foaring too high nor drooping too low, con- 
lequently ihould merit the greater Eiteem and 
Encouragement. 

The common Planters leading eafy Lives don't 
much admire Labour, or any manly Exercife, ex- 
cept Horfe-Racing, nor Diverfion, except Cock- 
Fighting, in which fome greatly delight. This 
eaiy Way of Living, and the Heat of the Summer 
makes fome very lazy, who are then laid to be 
Climate-ftruck. 

1 The 



VIRGINIA. 49 

The Saddle-Horfes, though not very large, are 
hardy, ftrong, and fleet; and will pace naturally 
and pleafantly at a prodigious Rate. 

They are iuch Lovers of Riding, that almoft 
every ordinary Perion keeps a Horfe ; and I have 
known Ionic lpend the Morning in ranging feveral 
Miks in the Woods to find and catch their Horfes 
only to ride two or three Miles to Church, to the 
Court-Houfe, or to a Horfe-Race, where they 
generally appoint to meet upon Bufinefs ; and are 
more certain of finding thofe that they want to 
ipeak or deal with, than at their Home. 

No People can entertain their Friends with 
better Cheer and Welcome ; and Strangers and 
Travellers are here treated in the moil: free, plen- 
tiful, and holpitable Manner ; io that a few Inns 
or Ordinaries on the Road are iufficient. 

As to the Weather, the Spring and Fall are not 
unlike thofe Seafons in England, only the Air is 
never long foggy, nor very cloudy ; but clear, 
lometimes of a bluiih Colour, occafioned by the 
thin Smoak, difperfed in the Air, from the Flames 
of the Woods and Leaves, which are fired in 
Hunting, to drive the Beaits from their lurking 
Places ; or in the Spring to burn the old Leaves 
and Grafs, that there may be the better Palture 
the next Summer. 

The Months of December, January and Febru- 
ary are generally much colder, and June, July 
and Auguft are much hotter than in England', tho' 
lometimes 'tis on a fudden very cool in Summer, 
and pretty warm in Winter, the Weather being 
govern'd by the Wind; which with fudden Storms 
from the Nortl>Weft, and lometimes from the 
Weft and South Heir bring violent Gulfs or Tem- 
pefts, with Thunder, Lightning, and Rain very 
terrible, but loon over. 

H The 



50 The State of 

The North Weft, Winds are exquifitely fharp 
and cold, proceeding from Clouds ariling from the 
vaft Lakes and prodigious fnowy Mountains that 
lie to that Quarter ; but the Southerly Winds and 
others are very warm. 

The Days and Nights are there always much 
nearer the Equality of twelve Hours, than in the 
Latitude of England. 

At the iudden Changes of the Weather, from 
Heat to Cold, People are apt to take Cold, of- 
ten neglecting to ill i ft their Cloaths with the 
Weather ; which with Abundance of Damps and 
Mitts from the Water, and by eating too plenti- 
fully of fome delicious Fruits, makes the People 
lubject to Feavers and Agues, which is the Coun- 
try Diitemper, a fevere Fit of which (called a 
Seafoning) molt exped, fome time after their Ar- 
rival in that Climate ; but the Goodnefs of God 
has furniihed us with a perfed Catholicon for that 
Sicknefs, viz. the Bark; which being taken and 
repeated in a right Manner, feldom fails of a Cure, 
unlefs the morbifick Matter comes to a Head again 
from freih Caufes, and fo returns with Mattery ; 
upon which Recourfe mutt be had to the fame 
lpecifick Remedy; betides which there are ieve- 
ral Ways of Cure, but none fo univerfal and fure 
as that. 

Some for Want of timely Care, through Igno- 
rance or Obttinacy, will permit the Diftemper to 
lurk about them fo long, till at latt it has reduced 
them to an irrecoverable, lingering, ill Habit of 
Body ; efpecially if they live meanly, drinking too 
much Water, and eating too much ialt Meat ; and 
this Cachexy generally ends their Lives with a Drop- 
fy, Coniumption, the Jaundice, or fome fuch 
Illnefs. 

Betides this, fome are troubled with the dry 
Gripes, proceeding from Colds (I fuppofe) which 

take 



VIRGINIA. 51 

rake away tor a long Time the Uie of the Limbs 
of fome, especially hard Drinkers of Rum; fome 
that have lain out in mighty cold Weather have 
been Froft-bitten, and lolt their Fingers or Toes. 

There is no Danger ot wild Bealts in travel- 
ing; for the Wolves and Bears, which are up the 
Country, never attack any, unlets they be firff. 
aflaulted and hurt ; and the Wolves of late are 
much detiroyed by Virtue of a Law, which al- 
lows good Rewards for their Heads with the 
Ears on, to prevent Imposition and cheating the 
Publick ; for the Ears are crop'd when a Head is 
produced. 

The Bears are alfo much deltroyed by the Out- 
Planters, &c. for the Sake of their Flelh and 
Skins. 

As for Rattle-Snakes, &c. they make off from 
you, unlefs you by Carelefnefs chance to tread on 
them ; and then their Bite is found now nor to 
be mortal, if Remedies can be applied in Time. 

The worn 1 Inconveniency in travelling a-crofs 
the Country, is the Circuit that mull be taken to 
head Creeks, c-'V. for the main Roads wind along 
the rifing Ground between the Rivers, tho' now 
they much fhorten their Paffage by mending the 
Swamps and building of Bridges in ieveral Places; 
and there are eftablifhed Ferries at convenient 
Places, over the great Rivers; but in them is of- 
ten much Danger from fudden Storms, bad B< 1 
or unlkillul or wilful Ferrymen; efpecially it one 
panes in a Boat with Horfes, of which I have 
great Reafon to be molt fenfible by the Lois of a 
dear Brother at Chickohomony Ferry, in Feb. \~i . 

As tor their Drink, good Springs of excellent 
Water abound everj where ahnolt, which is \er\ 
cooling and plealant in Summer, and the general 
Drink ot abundance; not fo much out of Necef- 
lit}-, as Choice. 

H 1 Some 






52 The State of 

Some Planters, &c. make good lmall Drink 
with Cakes of Parfimmons a kind of Plumbs, 
which grow there in great Plenty ;' but the com- 
mon fmall Beer is made of Molojpus, which makes 
extraordinary brifk good tafted Liquor at a cheap 
Rate, with little Trouble in brewing; fo that 
they have it frefh. and frefh, as they want it in 
Winter and Summer. 

And as they brew, fo do they bake daily, Bread 
or Cakes, eating too much hot and new Bread, 
which cannot be wholfom, tho' it be pleafanter 
than what has been baked a Day or two. 

Some raife Barley and make Malt there, and 
others have Malt from England, with which thofe 
that underftand it, brew as good Beer as in Eng- 
land, at proper Seafons of the Year; but the 
common ftrong Malt-Drink moiHy ufed, is Bri- 
flol Beer ; of which is confumed vaft Quantities 
there yearly ; which being well brew'd and im- 
prov'd by croffing the Sea, drinks exceedingly 
fine and fmooth ; but Malt Liquor is not fo much 
regarded as Wine, Rack, Brandy, and Rum, 
Punch, with Drams of Rum or Brandy for the 
common Sort, when they drink in a Hurry. 

The common Wine comes from Madera or Phi- 
| al, which moderately drank is fitted to cheer the 
fainting Spirits in the Heat of Summer, and to 
warm the chilled Blood in the bitter Colds of 
Winter, and feems mod peculiarly adapted for this 
Climate : Befides this, are plentifully drank with 
the better Sort, of late Years, all Kinds of French, 
and other European Wine, elpeciallv Claret and 
Port. 

Here is likewife ufed a great deal of Chocolate, 
Tea and Coffee, which, with feveral Sorts of Ap- 
parel, they have as cheap, or cheaper than in Eng- 
land, becaufe of the Debenture of fuch Goods 
upon their Exportation thither : Befides, they 

are 



V I R G I N I A. 53 

arc allowed to have Wines directly from Madera, 
and other Commodities are brought from the 
Weft-Indies, and the Continent, which cannot be 
brought to England without lpoiling. 

As for grinding Corn, c'V. they have good 
Mills upon the Runs and Creeks; befides Hand- 
Mills, Wind-Mills, and the Indian Invention ot 
pounding Hommom in Mortars burnt in the Stump 
of a Tree, with a Log for a PeRie hanging at the 
End of a Pole, fix'd like the Pole of a Lave. 

Though they are permitted to trade to no Parrs 
but Great Britain, except thefe Places; yet have 
they in many Relpects better and cheaper Com- 
modities than we in England, efpecially of late 
Years ; for the Country may be faid to be altered 
and improved in Wealth and polite Living with- 
in thele tew Years, fince the Beginning ot Col. 
Spot/wood's Government, more than in all the 
Scores of Years before that, from its hrft Difco- 
very. The Country is yearly iupplied with vatt 
Quantities of Goods from Great Britain, chiefly 
from London, Brijlol, Liverpool, Whitehaven, and 
from Sin,!. mil. 

The Ships that traniport thefe Things often call 
at Ireland to victual, and bring over frequently 
white Servants, which are of three Kinds, l. Such 
as come upon certain Wages by Agreement tor a 
certain Time. 2. Such as come bound by Inden- 
ture, commonly call'd Kids, who are uiually to 
ferve four or five Years; and 3. thofe Convicts or 
Felons that are traniported, whole Room they had 
much rather have than their Company : tor abun- 
dance ot them do great Milchiefs, commit Rob- 
ben - ami Murder, and fpoil Servants, that were 
before very good: But they frequently there meet 
with the End they deferved at Home, though in- 
deed tome ot them prove indifferent good. Their 
being lent thither to work as Slaves for Punilli- 
» men!. 



54 The State of 

ment, is but a mere Notion, for few of them 
ever lived fo well and fo eafy before, efpecially if 
they are good for any thing. Thefe are to ferve 
feven, and fometimes fourteen Years, and they 
and Servants by Indentures have an Allowance of 
Corn and Cloaths, when they are out of their 
Time, that they may be therewith fupported, 
till they can be provided with Services, or other- 
wife fettled. With thefe three Sorts of Servants are 
they fupplied from England, Wales, Scotland, and 
Ireland, among which they that have a Mind to 
it, may ferve their Time with Eaie and Satisfac- 
tion to themf elves and their Matters, efpecially if 
they fall into good Hands. 

Except the laft Sort, for the mod Part who 
are loofe Villains, made tame by // lid, and then 
enflaved by his Forward Namefake: To prevent 
too great a Stock of which Servants and Negroes 
many Attempts and Laws have been in vain made. 

Thefe if they forfake their Roguery together 
with the other Kids of the later Jonathan, when 
they are free, may work Day-Labour, or elfe rent 
a fmall Plantation for a Trifle almoft ; or elfe turn 
Overfeers, if they are expert, indultrious, and 
careful, or follow their Trade, if they have been 
brought up to any; efpecially Smiths, Carpen- 
ters, Taylors, Sawyers, Coopers, Bricklayers, &c. 
The Plenty of the Country, and the good Wages 
given to Work-Folks occafion very few Poor, 
who are fupported by the Parilli, being fuch as 
are lame, fick, or decrepit through Age, Diftem- 
pers, Accidents, or fome Infirmities ; for where 
there is a numerous Family of poor Children the 
Veltry takes Care to bind them out Appren- 
tices, till they are able to maintain themfelves by 
their own Labour ; by which Means they are ne- 
ver tormented with Vagrant, and Vagabond Beg- 
gars, there being a Reward for taking up Run- 
aways, 



VIRGINIA. SS 

aways, that are at a imall Dittance from their 
Home ; if they are not known, or are without a 
Pais from their Matter, and can give no good Ac- 
count of themfelves, efpecially Negroes. 

In all convenient Places are kept Stores or Ware- 
Houfes of all Sorts of Goods, managed by Store- 
Keepers or Factors, either for themfelves or o- 
thers in the Country, or in Great Britain. 

This Trade is carried on in the faireft and gen- 
teelelt Way of Merchandize, by a great Num- 
ber of Gentlemen of Worth and Fortune ; who 
with the Commanders of their Ships, and feveral 
Virginians (who come over through Buhnefs or 
Curiofity, or often to take PotTelTion of Eftates, 
which every Year fall here to fome or other of 
them ) make as considerable and handfom a Figure, 
and drive as great and advantageous a Trade for 
the Advancement of the Publick Good, as molt 
Merchants upon the Royal~Exchange. 

At the Stores in Virginia, the Planters, &c. 
may be fupplied with what Engli/b Commodities 
they want. 

The Merchants, Factors, or Store-Keepers in 
Virginia buy up the Tobacco of the Planters, ei- 
ther for Goods or current Spani/b Money, or 
with Sterling Bills payable in Great Britain. 

The Tobacco is rolled, drawn by Horfes, or 
carted to convenient Rolling: Houfes, whence it 
is conveyed on Board the Ships in Flats or Sloops. 
&c. 

Some Years ago there was made an Act to ob- 
lige all Tobacco to be lent to convenient Wan - 
Houles, to the Cultody and Management of pro- 
per Officers, who were by Oath to refiife all bad 
Tobacco, and gave printed Bills as Receipts for 
each Parcel or Hogfhead ; which Quantity was to 
be delivered according to Order upon Return of 
thole Bills ; and tor their Trouble and Care in 

viewing, 



56 The State of 

viewing, weighing, and damping, the Officers 
were allowed 5 J", per Hogthead. 

The Intent of this Law was to improve the 
Commodity, prevent Frauds in publick Payments; 
and for Eale ot the common Planters, and Expe- 
dition and Conveniency of Shipping. 

But though the firit Deiign was for publick 
Tobacco only, yet the private Crops of Gentle- 
men being included in the Law, was efteemed a 
great Grievance ; and occaiioned Complaints, 
which deftroyed a Law, that with fmall Amend- 
ments might have proved moil advantageous. 

The Abrogation of this Law reduced the Sail- 
ors to their old Slavery of rolling the Tobacco in 
iome Places ; where they draw it for fome Miles, 
as Gardeners draw a Roller, which makes them 
frequently curfe the Country, and thro' Prejudice 
give it a very vile Charader. 

The Tobacco purchafed by the Fadors or Store- 
Keepers, is sent Home to their Employers, or cpn- 
hgn'd to their correfpondent Merchants in Great 
Britain. 

But mod: Gentlemen, and fuch as are before- 
hand in the World, lodge Money in their Mer- 
chant's Hands here, to whom they fend their 
Crop of Tobacco, or the greater! Part of it. 

This Money is employed according to the Plan- 
ter's Orders ; chiefly in fending over yearly fuch 
Goods, Apparel, Liquors, &c. as they write for, 
for the Ufe of themfelves, their Families, Slaves 
and Plantations ; by which Means they have every 
Thing at the beft Hand, and the belt of its Kind. 

Befides Englifh Goods, feveral Merchants in 
Virginia import from the Hell-Indies great Quan- 
tities of Rum, Sugar, Moloffus, &r. and Salt 
very cheap from the Salt I/lands ; which Things 
they purchafe with Money, or generally with 
Pork, Beef, Wheat, Indian-Corn, and the like. 

In 



VIRGINIA. s? 

In fome of" the poorer Parts of the Country 
abounding in Pine, do they gather up the Light- 
wood, or Knots of the old Trees, which will not 
decay, being piled up (as a Pit of Wood to be 
burnt to Charcoal ) and encompafled with a Trench, 
and covered with Earth, is let on Fire ; whereby 
the Tar is melted out, and running into the Trench 
is taken up, and filled into Barrels; and being 
boiled to a greater Confiitency becomes Pitch. 

Of Pitch and Tar they fend Home great Quan- 
tities, though not near io much at North Caro- 
lina, which formerly was the South Part of Vir- 
ginia ; but has long fince been given away to Pro- 
prietors, tho' the Bounds between the Colony of 
Virginia, and the Government of North Carolina 
are difputed ; io that there is a very long Lift of 
Land fifteen Miles broad between both Colonies 
(called the difputed Bounds) in due Subjection to 
neither; which is an Afyhim for the Runagates of 
both Countries. 

The greateft Part of Virginia is uneven; and 
near the Water they are free from great Stones, 
Rocks, and high Hills ; but far in the Country 
they have vaft Rocks, Stones, and Mountains ; 
and though in the Salts there is no Stone for 
Lime nor Building; (but with Oyfter-Shells they 
make good Lime and enough ) yet up the Freihes, 
and above the Falls of the Rivers are difcovered 
free and common Stone of ieveral Sorts, among 
which may be expected Lime-Stone. 

Here are alto vaft Quantities of Iron Oar, and 
various Kinds of Minerals, whole Nature and 
Vermes are as yet undifcovered. 

Mofes's Words of Exhortation to the Jfraelites 
for Obedience to God's Laws, Deut. viii.6, 7, 8, 9, 
may be applied to the / : and particular!) 

when he faith that God had brought them into a 
Land wholr Stones are Iron ; and tor what we 
I know 



58 The State of 

know the following Words may alfo be applied to 
them, when he faith out of the Hills of that 
Land might be digged Brajs, for which there is 
no (mall Profpect and Expectation ; and in all 
Probability there may be found the nobler Metals 
of Gold and Silver, if we did but fearch for them 
in the Bowels of the Earth, if we would but be 
at the Expence and Trouble to feek for them. 

Why may not our Mountains in America, for 
what we know, be as rich as thofe of Mexico and 
Peru in the fame Country ? Since the little Hills 
fo plentifully abound with the bell: of Iron ; for 
the digging, melting, working, and Exportation 
whereof Providence has furnilh'd us with all 
wonderful Conveniences ; if we would add but a 
little Expence, Art, and Induftry. 

This Iron has been proved to be good, and 'tis 
thought, will come at as cheap a Rate as any im- 
ported from other Places ; fo that 'tis to be hoped 
Col. Spot/wood's IVorks will in a fmall Time prove 
very advantageous to Great Britain, which un- 
doubtedly will be carried to great Perfection and 
univerfal Benefit, by his fkilful Management and 
indefatigable Application to fuch noble Under- 
takings and glorious Projects. 




Ch; 



\ p 



VIRGINIA. 59 



Chap. VI. 

Of Germanna, the Palatines, Wine, 
JFemp, Flax, Silk, Sumack, Trees, 
Fruits, Coals, the Trafls of Land, 
JFealth, Militia, the Mannacan 
Town, Titles, Levies, BurgeJJes, 
Laws, and general Affembljj. 

W^^'M E Y ° N D °' L S P" f J iaml ' s Furnace a- 
- ;,|,V(;a 3 bove the Falls of Rappahannock River, 
•\ ' '.f -■':%> within View of the valt Mountains, he 
^^r j v^$ has founded a Town called Germanna, 
from fome Germans lent over thither by Queen 
Anne, who are now removed up farther : Here 
he has Servants and Workmen of molt handy- 
craft Trades ; and he is building a Church, Court- 
Houie and Dwelling-Houfe for himfelf; and with 
his Servants and Negroes he has cleared Planta- 
tions about it, propofing great Encouragement 
for People to come and fettle in that uninhabited 
Part of the World, lately divided into a Coun- 
ty 

Beyond this are feated the Colony of Germans 

or Patatines, with Allowance of good Quanti- 
ties of rich Land, at ealy or no Rates, who thrive 
very well, and live happily, and entertain gene- 
rously. 

Thefe are encouraged to make Wines, which 
by the Experience (particularly) of the late Col. 
Robert Beverly, who wrote the Hiftory of Virgi- 
nia, was done eafily and in large Quantities in 
thole Parts; not only from the Cultivation of the 
I 2 wild 



6o The State of 

wild Grapes, which grow plentifully and natu- 
rally in all the good Lands thereabouts, and in the 
other Parts of the Country; but alfo from the 
Span I Ik, French, Italian, and German Wines, which 
have been found to thrive there to Admiratiom 

Belides this, thefe Uplands feem very good for 
Hemp and Flax, if the Manufacture thereof was 
but encouraged and promoted thereabouts ; which 
might prove of wonderful Advantage in our Na- 
val Stores and Linens. 

Here may like wife be found as good Chipboards, 
and Pipe-Staves, Deals, Majls, Vards, Planks, &c. 
for Shipping, as we are fupplied with from feve- 
ral other Countries, not in his Majefty's Domi- 
nions. 

As for Trees, Grain, Pit its, Fruits, Herbs, 
Planks, Flowers, and Roots, I know of none in 
England either for Pleafure or Ufe, but what are 
very common there, and thrive as well or better 
in that Soil and Climate than this for the genera- 
lity ; for though they cannot brag of Goofeber- 
ries and Currants, yet they may of Cherries, 
Strawberries, &c. in which they excel : Beiides 
they have the Advantage of feveral from other 
Parts of America, there being Heat and Cold fuf- 
ficient for any ; except fuch as require a continual 
Heat, as Lemons and Oranges, Pine-Apples, and 
the like, which however may be railed there with 
Art and Care. 

The worft Thing in their Gardens, that I know, 
is the Artichoak ; but this I attribute to Want 
of Skill and good Management. 

Mulberry Trees and Silkworms thrive there to 
Admiration, and Experience has proved that the 
Silk Manufacture might be carried on to great 
Advantage. 

There is Coal enough in the Country, but good 
Fire-Wood being fo plentiful that it encumbers 

the 



V I R g I N I A. 61 

the Land, they have no Neceflity for the Trou- 
ble and Expence of digging up the Bowels of the 
Earth, and conveying them afterwards to their 
feveral Habitations. 

There grows Plenty of Sumack, lb very ufeful 
in the Dying Trade. 

The Land is taken up in Tracts, and is Free- 
hold by Patent under the King, paying two Shil- 
lings as a yearly Quit-Rent for every hundred A- 
cres. 

Molt Land has been long fince taken up and 
feated, except it be high up in the Country. 

For lurveying of Land, when any is taken up. 
bought, exchanged, or the Right contettcd. 
there is appointed a Surveyor in each County, no- 
minated and examined by the Governors of the 
College, in whole Gift thole Places are under the 
Surveyor General. 

But of this I may be more particular upon ano- 
ther Occafion ; only I {hall here obferve, that e- 
\ery five or feven Years all People are obliged to 
go a Procdiion round their own Bounds, and re- 
new their Landmarks by cutting frelli Notches in 
the boundary Trees. 

Sometimes whole Plantations are (old, and at 
other Times fmall Habitations and Lands are let; 
but this is not very common, molt having Land 
ot their own; and they that have not may make 
more Profit by turning Overfeers, or by lb me o- 
ther better Ways, than by Farming. 

Though now Land fells well there, in a few 
Years it will be more valued, fince the Number ot 
Inhabitants encreafes fo prodigioufly ; and the 
I adts being divided every Age among feveral 
Children (not unlike Gavel Kind in Kent and Ur- 
chinfield) into lmaller Plantations: they al Length 
mult be reduced to a Neceflity ot making the 
m molt 



62 The State of 

molt of, and valuing a little, which is now almoft 
fet at Nought. 

In general the Country of Virginia is plenti- 
ful, pleafant and healthy; efpecially to fuch as 
are not too fond of the Cuftoms and Way of li- 
ving they have been ufed to elfewhere; and to fuch 
as will endeavour at firft to bear with fome fmall 
Matters, and wean themfelves, and make every 
Change as agreeable as they can. 

Without fuch Proceeding the beft Country in 
the World would not pleafe them ; fince where- 
ever they go from Home they muft certainly find 
many Things different from what they have been 
accuftomed to. 

As for Health, I think this Climate as good as 
any with Care, though fome Conftitutions can be 
well in no Air, let them do what they will, and 
the ftouteft cannot be always Proof againft Sick- 
nefs, be they in never fo healthy a Country ; and 
in all Places with Care People may enjoy a good 
Share of Health, if they have any tolerable good 
Conftitution ; if they avoid Heats and Colds, In- 
temperance, and all Manner of Exceffes. 

In each Country is a great Number of difci- 
plin'd and arm'd Militia, ready in Cafe of any 
iudden Irruption of Indians or Infurreftion of Ne- 
groes, from whom they are under but fmall Ap- 
prehenfion of Danger. 

Up James River is a Colony of French Refu- 
gees, who at the Mannara 'Town live happily un- 
der our Government, enjoying their own Lan- 
guage and Cuftoms. 

The Gentlemen of the Country have no other 
dirtinguifhing Titles of Honour, but Colonels and 
Majors and Captains of the Militia, except the Ho- 
nourable the Council, and fome commiffioned in Ports 
by his Majefty or his Orders, who are nominated 
I Kpjuires ; 



V I R G I N I A. 63 

Efquires ; but there is one Baronet's Family there, 
viz. Sir Will inn Skipwith's. 

The Taxes or Levies are either publick, Coun- 
ty, or Parijh\ which are levied by the Juftices or 
Vejlries, apportioning an equal Share to be paid by 
all Perions in every Family above Sixteen ; except 
the white Women, and fome antiquated Perions, 
who are exempt. 

The Payment is Tobacco, which is fold or ap- 
plied in Specie to the Ufe intended. 

The publick Levy is for the Service of the Co- 
lony in General, the County Levy is for the Ufe 
of the County, collected by the Sheriffs and their 
Offices and Receivers', and the Pariih Levy is for 
its own particular Ufe, colle&ed by the Church- 
Wardens for Payment of the Minifier, the Church, 
and Poor. 

There are two Burgejfes eleded by the Free- 
holders, and fent from every County ; and one for 
James Town, and another for the College; thefe 
meet, choofe a Speaker, &c. and proceed in moil 
Refpeds as the Houfe of Com mom in "England, 
who with the ( r pper Houfe, confining of the Go- 
vernor and Council, make Laws exactly as the 
King and Parliament do; the Laws being paffed 
there by the Governor, as by the King here. 

All the Laws and Statutes of England before 
Queen Elizabeth are there in Force, but none made 
fince ; except thofe that mention the Plantations, 
which are always fpecified in Englijh Laws, when 
Occafion requires. 

The General Affemblyhas Power to make Laws, 
or repeal fuch others, as they ihall think moft 
proper for the Security and Good of the Coun- 
try, provided they be not contradictory to the 
Laws of England, nor interfering with the In- 
terett of Great B1 tain; thefe Laws are immedi- 

atel) 



6 4 



The S 



TATE 



of 



ately in Force there, and are transmitted hither 
to the Lords of the Plantations and Trade for 
the Royal AjTent ; after which they are as obliga- 
tory as any Laws can poffibly be ; but of late all 
Laws relating to Trade rauft be fent Home be- 
fore they be of any Validity ; which makes fome 
occafional Laws upon certain Emergencies alto- 
gether ufelefs ; fince the intended Opportunity 
may be pafs'd, before they are returned back to 
Virginia ; and (o fignify nothing to the Pur- 
pofe. 

All Laws that the King diflikes upon the firft 
Perufal, are immediately abrogated. 

Thus in State Affairs Liberty is granted, and 
Care is taken to make fuch Laws from Time 
to Time, as are different from the Laws in Eng- 
tiind, whenever the Intereft or Neceffity of the 
Country, or the Nature of the Climate, and o- 
ther Circumiiances {hall require it. 




PART 



V I R c; I N I A. 65 



& o ?. p o b d s b o b 9 b © b b b 3 15 ■ 



PART III. 



O/' //;^ <57t7/£> 0/ the Church and Clergy 



ofW'i 



irginia. 



^ e HOUGH Provifion is made, and 
;,".«• . ^ proper Meaiures are taken to make Al- 
K • ''! lowances and Alterations in Matters of 
k ' Government, State and Trade; yet in Mat- 
ters of Religion, there has not been the Care and 
Provilion that might be withed and expeded. 

For the Country requires particular Alterations 
and Allowances in fome indifferent fpiritual Con- 
cernments, as well as in temporal Affairs, which 
might be done without deviating in the lealt from 
the Principles and Praftice of the Eftabliffd Church 
of England; and inltead of encouraging Diffen- 
tions, or Herefy, or Schifm, or Irreligion, would 
be a fure Means always to prevent them, were 
i'uch fmall Alterations regularly eftablifhed in fome 
Things indifferent, as might belt agree with the 
Conveniency and Nature of the Colony : for it 
is impoiTible for a Clergyman to perform this Dut) 
according to the literal Direction of the Rubrick; 
for were be too rigorous in thele Relpects by dil- 
obliging and quarrelling with his Parilli, he would 
do more Miichief in Religion, than all his fine 
Preaching and exemplary Life could retrieve ; A 
K fliort 



66 The State of 

ihort Narrative of which Cafe of the Church I 
tranfmitted Home to the late Bijhop of London, 
by Order and Appointment of a late Convention, 
in a Reprefentation of fome Ecclejiaftical Affairs ; 
but the Nature of this may more fully appear by 
the following Account. 

This, with all the other Plantations, is under 
the Care of the Bi/bop of London, who fupplies 
them with what Clergymen he can get from Eng- 
land, Scotland, Ireland, and France. The late 
Bifhop appointed the Reverend Mr. James Blair 
to be his Commiffary, who is likewife Prejident 
of the College, and one of the Council. He by 
the Bi/bop's Order fummoned the Clergy to Con- 
ventions, where he fate as Chairman ; but the Power 
of Conventions is very little, as is that of the Com- 
miffary at prefent. Vifitations have been in vain 
attempted ; for the corrupt Abufes and Rigour of 
Ecclenaftical Courts have fo terrified the People, 
that they hate almoft the very Name, and feem 
more inclinable to be ruled by any other Me- 
thod, rather than the prefent fpiritual Courts. 
Differences and great Difputes frequently arife be- 
tween the Governor and the People, concerning 
the Prefentation, Collation, Institution, and Induc- 
tion to Livings; and it is fcarce yet decided di- 
ftindly who have the Right of giving Parifhes to 
Miniiters, whether the Governors or the Veftries, 
though the beft of Council have been applied to 
for their Opinion; for their Sentiments are not 
obligatory. 

The Veftries coniift of the Minifter, and twelve 
of the moft fubftantial and intelligent Perfons in 
each Parilh. Thefe at firft were elected by the 
Parifli by Pole, and upon Vacancies are fupplied 
by Vote of the Veftry ; out of them a new Church- 
Warden is annually chofen, under (as it were) the 
Inftru&ioii of the old one chofen the Year before. 
3 By 



VIRGINIA. 67 

By the Veftry are all parochial Affairs managed, 
luch as the Church, Poor, and the Miniiter's Sa- 
lary. 

The Clerk in Cafe of the Minifter's Death or 
Abfence has great Bufinefs, and is a kind of Cu- 
rate^ performing frequently all the Offices of 
the Church, except the two Sacraments and Ma- 
trimony ; but 'tis Pity but his Pradices were bet- 
ter regulated, and Sets of Sermons alfo appointed 
for his Purpofe ; for in feveral Places the Clerks 
are fo ingenious or malicious, that they contrive 
to be liked as well or better than the Miniver, 
which creates Ill-Will and Disturbance, befides 
other Harm. In fome Places they read the Lef- 
fons, publiili Banns, 63V. when the Minifter is 
prefent, for his Eaie ; which firft may not be im- 
proper in very hot Weather, or if the Minifter be 
fick or infirm, if the Clerk can read tolerably well. 
Likewife might they be allowed to bury when a 
Minifter cannot poffibly be had before the Corffe 
would corrupt in hot Weather ; but little more 
fliould be granted them, fince fome Places long ac- 
cuftomed to hear only their Clerk read Prayers 
and Sermons at Church, have no right Notions 
of the Office, Refpect, and Dignity of a Clergy- 
nun. For regiitering Births and Burials, there is 
a imall Allowance which is generally given to the 
Clerk, who takes that Trouble off the Minifter's 
Hands. The Ufe of this is to know the Num- 
ber of Tythables, for laying of Levies, and for 
other Occafions, and Lilts of theie Regifters are 
delivered into the Hands of proper Officers. 
The Parifhes being of great Extent (fome hx- 
ty Miles long and upwards) many dead Corpfei 
cannot be conveyed to the Church to be buried : 
So that it is cuftomary to bur)- in Gardens or 
Orchards, where whole Families lye interred to- 
gether, in a Spot generally handfomly encloled, 
K 2 planted 



68 The State of 

planted with Evergreens, and the Graves kept de- 
cently : Hence likewife ariles the Occafion of 
preaching Funeral Sermons in Houles, where at 
Funerals are affembled a great Congregation of 
Neighbours and Friends ; and if you infill upon 
having the Sermon and Ceremony at Church, 
they'll fay they will be without it, unlets perform- 
ed after their ufual Cuftom. In Houfes also 
there is Occafion, from Humour, Cultom fome- 
times, from Neceffity moft frequently, to baptize 
Children and church Women, otherwife fome would 
go without it. In Houfes alio they moft commonly 
marry, without Regard to the Time of the Day 
or Seafon of the Year. Though the Churches 
be not confecrated by Bifhops, yet might there be 
fome folemn Dedication prefcribed for letting them 
apart for facred Ufes ; which would make People 
behave themfelves with greater Reverence than 
they ufually do, and have a greater Value for the 
Houie of God and holy Things. 

Their Churches were formerly built of Timber, 
but now they build them of Brick, very ftrong 
and handiome, and neatly adorned ; and when any 
Church is gone to Decay, or removed to a more 
convenient Place, they enclofe the old one with 
a Ditch. 

Though Perfons are admitted to the Lord's 
Supper there, that never were confirmed by the 
Bijhop, yet might there be certain Examinations 
as preparatory Qualifications, which would lay the 
Sureties and Parents of Children baptized, under 
a Neceffity of taking Care of them, as to a pious 
Education, and would make them be obliged to 
know more of their Duty than they generally 
do. 

For this End I have compofed (as I before hint- 
ed) an Accidence to Chrijlianity, being a fhort In- 
troduction to the Principles and Practices of Chri- 

ftians, 



VIHC INI A. 69 

Itians, collected our of the Church Catechifm, the 
thirty nine Articles, Hammond's PracHcal Cate- 
chifm, Grot/us of the Truth of the Chrijlian Reli- 
gion, and the whole Duty of Man. 

Out of which may be extracted a brief Exami~ 
tuition for Communicants before their firlt Admit- 
tance; which may be done by the Minifter, if he 
had Orders and Directions for it. By this Means 
the People would attain to better Notions of Re- 
ligion (and many more would be Communicants, 
who now abltain totally through Fear or Igno- 
rance) were the firft true Principles timely inftilled 
into them in a brief Method; for any Thing te- 
dious loon tires them, and will not obtain the de- 
fired Effect. In ieveral Reipects the Clergy are 
obliged to omit or alter fome minute Parts of the 
Liturgy, and deviate from the itrict Di/cipline and 
Ceremonies of the Church; to avoid giving Of- 
fence, through Cuftom, or elfe to prevent Abfur- 
dities and Inconiiltencies. Thus Surplices, difufed 
there for a long Time in moil Churches, by bad 
Examples, Careleinefs and Indulgence, are now be- 
ginning to be brought in Fafhion, not without 
Difficulty : and in fome Parifhes where the People 
have been ufed to receive the Communion in their 
Seats (a Cuitom introduced for Opportunity for 
iuch as arc inclined to Prefbytery to receive the 
Sacrament fitting) it is not an eafy Matter to bring 
them to the Lord's Table decently upon their 
Knees. 

The latt Injunction in the Form of Publick 
Bapti/m is molt properly omitted there, wherein 
the Godfathers and Godmothers are ordered to take 
Care that the Child be brought to the Bijbop to 
be confirmed, which for the molt Part would 
prove impracticable. 

It would be improper for the Chaplain of the 

Honourable the Ajffembly and others, to ufe the 

" Prayers 



jo The S t ate of 

Prayers for the High Court of Parliament verba- 
tim, for they cannot know whether the Parlia- 
ment fits in England then ; and their Intent is to 
pray for the Affembly and the King's Dominions ; 
fo that the Prayer mull be altered in feveral Re- 
ipefts. 

'Tis Pity but the Prayer was altered, and al- 
lowed for the Ajfembly, Governor and Council ; of 
which we have an Inftance in \rijh Common Prayer 
Books. 

Every Minifter is a kind of Independent in his 
own Parifh, in Refpect of fome little particular 
Circumftances and Cuftoms, to which they are of- 
ten occafionally obliged ; but this Liberty with- 
out Reftraint may prove of bad Confequence here- 
after ; when the bad Tenets and Diicipline of any 
hetorodox, libertine, or fantafiical Perfons may 
plead Prcfcription for their Eftablifhment, and be 
difficult to be eradicated. 

In moft Parifhes are Schools (little Houies being 
bui]t on Purpofe) where are taught Englijh and 
Writing ; but to. prevent the f owing the Seeds of 
Diffention and Fadion, it is to be wifhed that the 
Majiers or MiJlreJJes fhould be fuch as are ap- 
proved or licenfed by the Minifter, and Veftry of 
the Parifh, or Juftices of the County ; the Clerks 
of the Parifhes being generally moit proper for 
this Purpofe ; or (in Cafe of their Incapacity or 
Refufal) fuch others as can beft be procured. 

As for baptizing Indians and Negroes, feveral of 
the People difapprove of it ; becaufe they fay it 
often makes them proud, and not fo good Ser- 
vants : But thefe, and fuch Objections, are eafily 
refuted, if the Perfons be lenfible, good, and 
underftand Englifi, and have been taught (or are 
willing to learn) the Principles of Chrijlianity, and 
if they be kept to the Obfervance of it afterwards; 
• for Chrijlianity encourages and orders them to be- 
come 



VIRGINIA. 71 

conic more humble and better Servants, and not 
worie, than when they were Heathens. 

But as for baptizing wild Indians and new Ne~ 
groes^ who have not the leaft Knowledge nor In- 
clination to know and mind our Religion, Lan- 
guage and Cuitoms, but will obltinately periiit in 
their own barbarous Ways\ I queition whether 
Baptilm of fuch (till they be a little weaned of 
their lavage Barbarity) be not a Prqftitution of a 
Thing (ofacred. 

But as tor the Children of Negroes and Indians^ 
that are to live among Chr0ians, undoubtedly 
they ought all to be baptized ; fince it is not out 
of the Power of their Mailers to take Care that 
they have a Chriitian Education, learn their Pray- 
ers and Catechifm, and go to Church, and not 
accuitom themfelves to lie, fwear and ileal, tho' 
fuch (as the poorer Sort in England} be not taught 
to read and write ; which as yet has been found 
to be dangerous upon feveral political Accounts, 
eipecially Self-Preiervation. 

In every Parim there is allotted for the Mini- 
iler a convenient Dwelling-Hoti/e and a Glebe of a- 
bout two hundred and fifty Acres of Land, with 
a fmall Stock of Cattle ready in fome Places, as 
'James Town. 

The Salary of the Minifter is yearly 16000. 
and in fome Pariilies 20000 /. of Tobacco ; out of 
which there is a Dedudion for Cajk. prizing^ col- 
letting, &c. about which Allowance there are 
lometimes Difputes, as are alio Differences often 
about the Place, Time, and Manner of delivering 
it ; but all thefe Things might ealily be regu- 
lated. 

Tobacco is more commonly at 20 J", per Cent. 
than at 10: 1o that certainly (communibus annis) 
it will bring 12 . tid. a hundred, which will make 
iftooo (the leaft Salaiy ) amount to 100 ; . per Ann. 

which 



72 The State of 

which it mult certainly clear, allowing for all 
petty Charges, out of the Lownefs of the Price 
itated, which is lefs than the Medium between 
ten and twenty Shillings ; whereas it might be 
Hated above the Medium, fince it is oftener at 
twenty than ten Shillings. 

Beiides the Glebe and Salary, there is 20 s. for 
every Wedding by Licenfe, and 5 s. for every Wed- 
ding by Banns, with 40 s. for a Fvneral Sermon* 
which moll: of the middling People will have. 

This one would think fhould be iufficient En- 
couragement for Clergymen of good Lives and 
Learning (that are not better provided for elfe- 
where) to go over and fettle there ; if they con- 
fidered rightly the little Danger and Fatigue they 
may expofe themfelves to, the great Good they 
may do, and what Advantages they may reap with 
good Condud and right Management of their 
Fortunes and Conversations. 

The Parilhes are large, but then the Inhabitants 
are but thin ; and there are Chapels of Eaje in 
large Parilhes, at which there is divine Service in 
Turns with the Churches ; and frequently upon a 
Vacancy fome neighbouring Clergyman does the 
Duty of another Parljh beiides his own, on fome 
£l r eek-Day, for which he has the Salary, till it can 
be better fupplied. 

Many Difputes and Differences arife between 
lome of the Clergy and People ; but this general- 
ly proceeds from the uncertain and precarious 
Footing of Livings, and lome Difputes about the 
Nature and Manner of the Payment of the efta- 
bliilied Salary; which though it may be eiteemed 
fufficient, yet is not fo well regulated, as might 
be wiflied and expeded in fuch a great Colony of 
fo long a Jlanding, and free from the Molettation 
of Church Fadion. and Dilienters. 

Be fides 



VIRGINIA. 73 

Befides tin- Payment of the Salary, the Sur- 
plice Fees want a better Regulation in the Pay- 
ment ; for though the Allowance be fufricient, 
yet Differences often and Ill-Will arife about 
thele Fees, whether they are to be paid in Mo- 
ney or Tobacco, and when; whereas by a imall 
Alteration and Addition of a few Laws in thele 
and the like Refpects, the Clergy might live more 
happy, peaceable, and better beloved; and the 
People would be more eaiy,and pay never the more 
Dues. 

The Eltablilliment is indeed Tobacco, but fome 
Parts of the Country' make but mean and poor, 
fo that Clergymen don't care to live in fuch Pa- 
riilies ; but there the Payment might be made in 
Money, or in the Produce of thole Places, which 
might be equivalent to the Tobacco Payments ; 
better for the Minifter, and as pleafing to the 
People. 

Some Clergymen are indeed unfkilful in, and 
others are not ftudious of, reconciling their own 
Intereit and Duty with the Humour and Advan- 
tage of the People, efpecially at their full: coming, 
when many Things feem very odd to them ; be- 
ing different to what they have been heretofore 
accuilomed to. 

Thele Things often occafion Uneafinels to the 
Minifters themfelves, and the People; but for the 
Generality they that have a Mind to do their 
Duty, and live happily ( with fome Caution and 
Care) may live with as much Satisfaction. Reipect, 
Comfort, and Love, as molt Clergymen in Eng- 
land. 

'Tis to be hoped and wilhed. that as the Go- 
vernment of England have ot late taken it into 
their Confideration to encourage more Clergymen 
to go over : lo they may give Inttructions and 
Direftions for tin Advantage and Happinefs of 
L both 



74 The State of 

both the Clergy and Laity, by rectifying and fet- 
tling fome Affairs belonging to the Church of Vir- 
ginia ; and providing fuch Laws as are wanting 
or requifite to be altered in Refpect of the Cler- 
gy ; a full and true Account of whom I have here 
given (as much as the Scope of this Treatife 
would admit of) to the belt of my Knowledge. 

This I have committed to Paper, for the bet- 
ter Information of fuch as may in any Refpect 
be concerned in Affairs relating to Virginia^ espe- 
cially its Government, Religion, and Trade : For 
without exact Notions of the Temper, Lives, 
and Manners of the People, and the Nature and 
Produce of the Country, none can frame a cor- 
rect Judgment of what is molt proper to be add- 
ed, altered, or continued, nor know what Steps 
are to be taken for the Advancement of either the 
publick or private Good of that Colony, in Re- 
fpeft either of Church, State, or Trade. 

Another Inducement for my writing this, was 
for the Encouragement and Intelligence of fuch 
good Clergymen and others, as are inclinable to 
go and fettle there ; and for the Information of 
all that are defirous of knowing how People live 
in other Countries, as well as their own; toge- 
ther with an Intent to vindicate this Country from 
the unjuit Reflections which are vulgarly cart on 
it; and to wean the World from the unwor- 
thy defpicable Notions, which many entertain 
concerning his Majeftfs Dominions in North A- 
merica ; where is Room and Imployment enough 
for all that want Bufinefs or a Maintenance at 
Home, of all Occupations ; and where, if they be 
not their own Enemies, they might live much 
better than ever they did in England; which blef- 
fed Opportunity of favourable Providence may give 
great Comfort to any good Folks that are in poor 
unfortunate Circumitanccs. 

PART 



VIRGINIA. 7S 



I >Ji « • « " «» »■'•»*■ yi«y-i» y t>£ w *. "i» y (Si V v i u '.J y,^, y lii^XiaXui^ir^. . • y,U . ■" 



PART IV. 



O/" Authors concerning Virginia, gW 
/// public k Officers , Guard- Ships, 
and the State of Maryland a/?^ North 
Carolina. 77;^ Conclufion. 



V^\' : ''.r' N the \l/fcclLiih\i Curiosa is publifh'd 
'7|l Mr. CI a} ton's fine Defer/ pt/on of I 'irginnu 
■$s£. and Co/. Robert Beverley has wrote a 

good /-////wt of it ; but neither is fo 
particular as this, as to its preient Condition ; fo 
that as they are Supplements to Captain Smith's 
Hi/iory, this may be an Abridgment and Appendix 
to them all. 

True Accounts of this Country are difficult to 
be had ; for they that have lived there any Time 
in any Repute and Bufmeis, feldom come to fet- 
tle in England; and the Sailors for the greatelt 
Part can give no more true Relations of the Na- 
ture of the Country, than a Country Carrier can 
write a Deicription of London^ and relate the Po- 
liticks of Courts and Proceedings of Parliament; 
for they fee and know but little of the Matter. 
and that the very worth 

L 2 Others. 



76 The State of 

Others, by Reaion of their iliort Stay, or for 
want either of Opportunity, Learning, or Capacity, 
can neither make right Remarks and corred Ob- 
fervations, nor defcribe Things in their proper 
Colours and true Luftre ; and moreover fome are 
prevailed upon through Intereft, Prejudice, Spite, 
or Fancy, to conceal or mifreprefent Things : Be- 
fides, they that have been there formerly know 
little, but the very woril of the prefent Shite of 
the Country. 

The Laws of that Plantation are colleded into 
a Body and publimed ; and whatever (of any Mo- 
ment and worth Notice) is not mentioned in this 
Treatife, or in the Books aforementioned, mult 
be fuppofed to correlpond exa&ly with the Cu- 
ftoms and Things in Great Britain, particularly 
in and about London; from all which any one 
that is either obliged or inclin'd may have fuffici- 
ent Accounts of the large, increasing, flourifhing, 
and happy Colony of Virginia. 

The prefent Governor is the Right Honourable 
the Earl of Orkney, whofe Lieutenant Governor 
is Hugh Drjfdale, Efq ; 

The Council are thefe Twelve. 

Edmund Jennings, Efq ; Prefident. 

The Rev. Mr. James Blair. 

Robert Carter, 

William Bird, 

Philip Li/dice/I, 

John Lewis, 

John Harrifon, { -,-,,- 

%,/r n -Elquires. 

Mann rage, 

Cole Digges, 
Peter Beverley, 
John Robinfon, 
John Carter, 

The 



\' I X G I N I ,/. 

The Secretary is 'John Carter, 

The Attorney-General is John Chi} ton. 
The Receiver General is John Graham, 
The Auditor is John Harrifbn, 



11 
Eiquires. 



The beft Lift that I can colled, or form of the Offi- 
cers of the Ctiftoms, is this. 

I. 
\ Mr. John Banifler, Collec- ] 
tor, fupplied by Col. //'//- - 40 
Ham Randolph ) 



James 
River. 



Upper 
Diilrid. 



Lower 

Diftrift. 



Elizabeth River 



Col. Francis Light/oof, Sur- ) 

veyor \ 

Mr. Thomas Mitchel, Col- j 

1 A 1 10 ° 

lector j 

Mr. Irvin, Surveyor — 

Surveyor 49 



40 



fork I Mr. John Ambler, Collector 

River. \ Mr. William Robertfon, Surveyor- 

Rappa- ( Sir William Johnfon, or Mr. Ri- \ n 
bannock < chard Cbicbifter, Collector — \ 
River. \ Mr. Chriftopber Robinfon, Surveyor — 



South Potowmack 



Collector 



80 
100 



Cape Charles. Mr. Griffith Bowen, Surveyor- 

omack and Nor- ( Mr. Henry Scarburgb, ]_ 
thampton Counties. ( Collector — j * 

Thefe have fome confiderable Perquilitrs be- 
fides their Salaries; for which they give Atten- 
dance and perform their Duty after the lame Man- 
ner as the Officers in the Rivers and Ports do in 
Great Britain. 



To 



78 The State of 

To guard the Coalts from the Ravages of Py- 
rates, Men of War are frequently itationed there; 
but they are not at all under the Direction of the 
Governor upon Emergencies, tho' he be titular Ad- 
miral of thole Seas ; but had he lome Command o- 
ver Men of War, 'tis thought it might be of great 
Service to the Country, and Security and Advan- 
tage to the Merchants and others. 

Maryland in molt Refpeds in an inferior De- 
gree agrees with / r irginia, only their Laws and 
lome Cuitoms are particular; and tho' the Church 
of England be the eitablifhed Church there, and 
handfom Provifion be made for the Clergy, yet 
they have many Papijls, and leveral Diffenters ; 
which lail may be luppofed to be encouraged 
thro' Jefuitical Views to diftrad and fubvert the 
Church of England. 

As for North Carolina it is vaitly inferior, its 
Trade is fmaller, and its Inhabitants thinner, and 
for the moil Part poorer than / 'irginia ; neither 
is their Government extraordinary, tho' they have 
iome good Laws, and there is fome good Living 
in this large Country, in which is Plenty of good 
Provifion. 

As for Churches there are but very few; and I 
knew of but one Miniiler in the whole Govern- 
ment, and he (for what Reafons I know not) had 
no great Faculty of influencing the People, and 
is lately removed thence ; fo that much Religion 
cannot be expeded among a Colledion of fuch 
People as fly thither from other Places for Safety 
and Livelihood, left to their own Liberty with- 
out Reitraint or Inftrudion. 

Many there have I (with Sorrow) feen ten or 
fifteen Years old, who have never had the Op- 
portunity of Baptilm, which they joyfully receive. 

Col. Frederick Jones, one of the Conned, and in 
a good Poft, and of a good Eftate in North Ca- 
rolina* 



VIRGINIA. 79 

. . before his Death applied to me, defiringme 
to communicate the deplorable State of theii 
Church to the late Bifhop of London; affuring m< 
that it' the Society for propagating the Gofpel in 
Foreign Parrs would contribute and direct them. 
the Government there would join in eitablifliing 
by Law fuch Maintenance as might be fufficient 
for ionic Clergymen to fettle among them. 

I a&ed according to his Requeit, but never 
heart! of the Event of this Application. 

For Want of Clergy the Juitices of the Peace 
man r, and other Laymen perform the Office of 
Burial. 

The common nominal Chriftians live there not 
much better than Heathens; the pious Endeavours 
of the Society having been frequently diiappointed 
either by their not having full Knowledge of the 
Country and People (and fo purlue not the molt 
proper Methods) or elfe becaufe they have had 
the Misfortune lometimes to pitch upon Perfons, 
that have not anfwered the End of their Calling 
and Million. 

By thefe Means the Stare of the Church in 
North Carolina is very miferable ; which is of 
greateft Moment, and requires the moll charitable 
Direction and Chriitian Afiittance ; not only for 
the Converfion of the Indians and Baptifm of Ne- 
groes there, but for the Chriitening and Recove- 
ry to the Practical Profeiiion of the Gofpel great 
Numbers of Engli/b, that have but the bare Name 
of God and Chrift; and that too frequently in 
nothing but vain Swearing, Curling, and Impre- 
cations. 

Ma) all thefe vaft Countries grow in Grace, 
and encreafe in fpiritual Bleffings, and Temporal 
Profperity . 

May all the / ds oj the World fee and purfu< 
rightly the N ' God, and know and be- 

Lie\ t 



8o 



The State, (Sc* 



lieve that there is none other Name given under 
Heaven, by and thro 1 whom they may be faved, but 
only the Name of Jefus Chriji. 

May God's Kingdom be eftabliilied in the true 
Church in America, as well as England ; and may 
it be truly faid, blejjed be the Lord God of Shem ; 
for his is the Kingdom, the Power, and the Glo- 
ry, for ever and ever. Amen. 




A P P E N- 



8i 




APPENDIX. 




>T being obferved by fbme Gentlemen 
of Diftinftion, that in the foregoing 
i Account of Virginia, I hinted at fome 
jjv/ Things, wherein Addition, Altera- 
tion, or Improvement of fome Me- 
thods and Laws, feem'd abfolutely requifite for the 
Advancement of Religion and Learning, and the 
Promotion of Arts and Trade ; it was therefore 
thought not improper to annex the following 
Schemes upon thofe Subjects; wherein Ideli\<r 
my Sentiments in as free and plain a Manner as 
I can, ipecifying what Redundancies or Defici- 
encies occur to my Opinion ; and humbly recom- 
mending fuch Meafures as my Imagination dictates 
to be mott proper for the Interett and Proipcritv 
of Virginia, &c. in Conjunction with the pub- 
lick Good of Great Britain. 

The firlt of their Schemes. I lubmit with the 
greateft Humility, to the candid Cenfure and Con- 
lideration of his Grace the Archbilhop of Can- 
terbury, to whole Protection Virginia Learning 
and Education ought to be recommended, as he 

M is 



82 APPENDIX. 

is Chancellor of the College of William and 
Mary. 

The next Scheme moil properly claims the fa- 
vourable Patronage of the Lord Billiop of Lon- 
don, to whofe careful Management the Church of 
Virginia belongs. 

The two lalt are more particularly offered to 
the Perufal of the Lords Commiffioners of Trade 
and Plantations, and the worthy Virginia. Mer- 
chants. 

But forafmuch as Virginia is the Scene of Ac- 
tion for all thefe Schemes, therefore is each of 
them humbly preiented to the Virginia Gentry ; 
particularly to the honourable the Lieutenant Go- 
vernor, the Council, the Houfe of BurgefTes, the 
Clergy and the Prefident, Redor and Governors 
of the College of the molt antient and loyal Co- 
lony of Virginia. 

If any thing here offered be diilik'd, I willing- 
ly lliall fubmit to cenfure when difproved and con- 
futed ; mean while hope that nothing here men- 
tioned or propofed will be taken amifs, fince this 
Work was purpofely undertaken with a fincere 
Intention of publick Good ; therefore I have Ex- 
pedation that it will find a kind Reception with 
all publick-fpirited, and unprejudiced Perlons. 




Scheme 



A PP E N D fJC. 83 



Of 



C H E ME 1. 



Education in Virginia. 




|f x HE Royal Founders oilVilliam and Ma- 
■-+J U College, with Proipcd of doing the 
greatett Good for the Colonies of I'ir- 
ginit > and .1 /< xryU ind, conferred this prince- 
ly Donation upon them ; and were feconded with 
the ample Benefaction of the honourable Mr. 
Boyle, and the Contributions of the Country. 
But this underwent the common Fate of molt other 
charitable Gifts ot this Kind, having met with 
feveral Difficulties to ltruggle with in its Infancy; 
but the molt dangerous was, that it was as it 
were no looner finilhed, but it was unfortunately 
and unaccountably confumed to Allies. Yet ob- 
lcrve the wonderful Turns of Fortune, and Power 
of Providence. This College, Pbcenix-like, as the 
City of London, revived and improved out of its 
own Ruins. But though it has found fuch unex- 
pected Succefs, and has proved of very great 
Service already ; yet is it far ihort of fuch Per- 
fection, as it might eahly attain to by the united 
Power ot the Perlons concerned about this impor- 
tant Foundation. 

For it is now a College without a Chapel, with- 
out a Scholarship, and without a Statute. 

There is a Library without Books, comparative - 
ly fpeaking, and a Prefident without a fix'd Sa- 
lary til! of' late: A Burgefs without certainty of 
Ele&ors; and in fun-, there have been Difpu 

M 2 and 



84 APPENDIX. 

and Differences about thefe and the like Affairs 
of the College hitherto without End. 

Theie Things greatly impede the Progrels of 
Sciences and learned Arts, and difcourage thofe 
that may be inclined to contribute their Affiitance 
or Bounty towards the Good of the College. 

Neverthelefs the Difficulties of this Kind might 
be removed by lome fuch Regulations as fol- 
low, viz. 

Let none be permitted to teach School in any 
Parifh, but fuch as (hall be nominated by the Mi- 
nitter and Veitry, and licenfed by the Prefident of 
the College. 

Let fuch Lads as have been taught to read and 
initruded in the Grounds of the Englijh Language 
in thofe Schools, be admitted into the Grammar 
School at the College, if they pafs Examination 
before the Prefident and Matters; together with 
fuch Youth as ihall be lent from Maryland^ who 
have a Right to be educated at this College. 

Provided always that the Number of Grammar 
Scholars fhall never exceed one Hundred. 

Let them be boarded and lodged in the Dormi- 
tory, as they are at prelent ; or upon fuch Terms 
as may from Time to Time feem molt proper to 
the Prefident and Mafters, or to the Governors, 
till a Transfer be obtained. 

Thefe Lads fhould be two Years under the 
Care of the Ufher, and tw r o more under the 
Grammar Mailer; and by them inftructed in Latin 
and Greek, in fuch Methods as the Prefident and 
Mafters {hall direct. 

And during thefe four Years, at certain appoint- 
ed Times they fhould be taught to write as they 
now are in the Writing-School, or in fuch Me- 
thods as the Prefident and Matters may judge bet- 
ter: There alfo fhould the Writing Matter teach 

them 



A P P E N D I JC. 8 5 

them the Grounds and Practice oi Arithmetick, 
in order to qualify fuch tor Bulinefs, as intend to 
make no farther Progrefs in Learning. 

Out of the Grammar School ihould be yearly 
elected by the Prelident and Matters [or Profei- 
iors ] five Scholars upon the Foundation, who 
fhould be allowed their Board, Education, and 
Lodging in proper Apartments gratis; and ihould 
alio be provided with Cloaths and Gowns, &c. 
after the Charter-Houle Method. 

Theie Scholars Ihould continue three Years up- 
on the Foundation; during which Time, at ap- 
pointed Terms they Ihould be inttructed in Lan- 
guages, in Religion, in Mathematicks, in Philo- 
sophy, and in Hiftory, by the five Matters or Pro- 
terrors appointed tor that Purpofe ; who with the 
Grammar Matter make up the Number appointed 
by the Charter. 

Befides the Scholars, the ProfetTors fhould for a 
certain Sum inltruct fuch others as may be enter'd 
Commoners in the College out of the Grammar 
S hool, or from elfewhere, by the Approbation of 
the Prelident and Matters, who fhould be obliged 
to wear Gowns, and be iubject to the fame Statutes 
and Rules as the Scholars ; and as Commoners are 
in Oxford. Thete Ihould maintain themfelves, and 
have a particular Table, and Chambers for their 
Accommodation. 

For to wait at the four high Tables hereafter 
mentioned, there Ihould be elected by the Preli- 
dent and Matters four Servitors, who Ihould have 
their Education, and fuch Allowances, as the Ser- 
\ itors in Oxford. 

Such Scholars, Commoners, and Servitors, as 
have behaved themfelves well, and minded their 
Studies tor three Years, and can pafs proper Exa- 
mination, and have performed certain Exercifes, 
Ihould have the Degree oi a Batchellor of Art> 
w conferred 



86 APPENDIX. 

conferred upon them ; ihould eat at a Table toge- 
ther, and be diftinguiflied by a peculiar Habit ; 
maintain themfelves, be iubjeft to certain Rules, 
and purfue proper Studies ; being allowed the Ufe 
of the Library as well as the Mafters, paying 
proper Fees upon their Admiilion for the Good of 
the Library. 

Out of thefe Batchellors fliould be yearly elect- 
ed by the Presidents and Mafters, one Fellow to 
be allowed 20 /. for his Paffage to England^ and 
20 /. per Ann. for three Years after his ipeedy En- 
trance and Continuance in fome certain College 
in Oxford or Cambridge; after which he fliould 
commence Mafter of Arts; which Degree, with 
all others in our Univernties, lliould be conferred 
in the fame Manner in this College by the Pren- 
dent and Mafters. 

Out of the Graduates above Batchellors fliould 
the Mafters or Profeffors be chofen by the Elec- 
tion of the laid Mafters or Profeffors, with the 
Prelident ; who alfo every feven Years fliould 
chofe a new Chancellor, to whoie Determination 
all Difputes and Differences fliould be referred. 

And when the Prefident's Place is vacant, it 
fliould be filled by fuch of the Mafters as has 
belonged firft to the College. 

A Teftimonium from this College fliould be of 
the fame Ufe and Force as from others in our 
Univernties. 

If the prefent Fund be infufficient to defray the 
Expence, proper Improvement fliould be made ot 
the Revenue, and Application made for additional 
Benefactions. 

A Body of Statutes fliould be directty formed 
and eftablifli'd by the Vifitors, Prelident, and 
Mafters; and a Transfer of the Truft fliould be 
then made. 

Such 



A PPE N D /JC. 87 

Such an Eftablifliment would encourage the 
bright Youth of Virginia to apply to their Stu- 
dies, and in fome Meafure would compel them to 
improve themielves ; whereas now being left to 
their own Liberty, they proceed but iuperficially, 
and generally commence Miin before they have 
gone through the Schools in the College. Here 
too would be great Inducements for their Friends 
to ad vile and perfuade them to go through with 
their Learning: when they are certain, that the) 
will thus be regularly improved, and have Pro- 
fpeft of a cheap Education, and Hopes of the bell 
Preferment in their Country in Church and State; 
and have equal (if not fuperior) Chance with o- 
thers for Promotion abroad in the World: being 
bred compleat Gentlemen anil good Chriftians, 
and qualified for the Study of the Gofpel, Law, 
or Phyfick : and prepared tor undertaking Trade, 
or any ufeful Projects and Inventions. 

As for the Accomplilhments of Mufick, Dan- 
cing, and Fencing, they may be taught by fuch 
as the Preiident and Matters (hall appoint at fuch 
certain Times, as they mall fix tor thole Pur- 
poles. 

Till thefe Regulations (or the like) be made, 
Matters may be carried on as they are at prefent; 
only to me there feems an abfolute Neceffity now 
for a ProfefTbr of Divinity, in order to inftrufl 
the Indians and Englijh Youth there in the Grounds 
of Religion, and read Lectures of Morality to 
the fenior Lads, and to read Prayers and preach 
in the College as Chaplain : This I am certain is 
very much wanting, and what the prefent In- 
come of the College with good Management will 
eafily allow of ; therefore I hope particular No- 
tice will be taken hereof 

There is as yet no great Occafion for the Hall, 
lo that it might be mad'' a Chapel and Divinity- 

.;. School, 



88 APPENDIX. 

School, for which Purpofe it would ferve nobly 
with little or no Alterations. 

As there is lately built an Apartment for the In- 
dian Boys and their Matter, lo likewife is there 
very great Occafion for a Quarter for the Negroes 
and inferior Servants belonging to the College ; 
for thefe not only take up a great deal of Room 
and are noify and natty, but alio have often made 
me and others apprehenfive of the great Danger of 
being burnt with the College, thro' their Care- 
1 erne is and Drowfmefs. 

Another thing prejudicial to the College, is the 
Liberty allowed the Scholars, and the negligent 
Obfervance of College Hours, and the Opportu- 
nity they have of rambling Abroad. 

To remedy this, there is wanting tome Contri- 
vance to fecure the Youth within the College at 
certain Hours ; which has hitherto been in vain at- 
tempted, becaufe of the many Servants lodged in 
the College, and the feveral Doors and Ways to 
get out of it. 

Likewife the Privileges and Apartments of the 
Prehdent and Malters, and Houfe-Keeper, &c. 
ought to be fix'd and afcertain'd ; for thefe being 
precarious and doubtful, upon this Account has 
arofe much Difference and Ill-Will, to the great 
Scandal of the College, and Detriment of Learn- 
ing^ 

Little additional Charge would put the Govern- 
ment of the College upon a much better Footing ; 
whereas at prefent it lcarcely merits the name of 
a College. 

As for Election of a Burgefs in Purf uance to a 
Claufe in the Charter, he ought to be chofen by 
the Prefident and as many Matters as there fhall 
actually be at any Time. 

The Charter mentions lix Matters or Profeflbrs, 
but dors not lperify the Proteilions ; it directs to 

the 



. I 



P P E N D I X'. 



89 



the making of Statutes and founding Scholarfhips, 

but the particulars are left to the Diicretion of 
the Managers ; and fome fuch Eftablifhment as 
this here mentioned may not be improper, efpe- 
cially if for greater Encouragement the Surveyors 
of each County were to be appointed by the Pre- 
fident and Mailers, out of fuch as have taken a 
Batchellor of Arts Degree there; and if alfo the 
Governor and Council were to eled a certain 
Number of Batchellors for Clerks into the Secre- 
taries Office ; out of which Clerks attending and 
writing there at certain Times, the County Clerks 
mould be appointed by the Secretary. 

The Office of the Preiident would be to go- 
vern the College, be Treaiurer, and Cenfor, and 
have a calling Vote in all Debates. 

The fix ProfelTors or Mailers would be 

Divinity, who mould be Chaplain and 

Catechiil. 
Mathematicks. 

Philofophy. 

one tor r l J 

, Languages. 

Hilton. 

Humanity, who ihould be Grammar Ma- 
iler. 

The under Mailers would be the Uflier, the 
Indian Mailer, and the Writing-Matter. 

The Town Mailers mult be fuch as occafion 
requires, tor Fencing, Dancing, and Mufick. 

There would be three ULngliJb Fellows. 

There would be fifteen Scholars, and a fufficient 
Number of School-Boys for a conftant Supply. 

Belides a Number of Batchellors and Mailers 
of Arts, who would wait till they came in Fel- 
lows or Profeflbrs, or got to be made Surveyors 
or Countv Clerks. 



N 



I*'oi 



(jo APPEND! X. 

For all this there might eafily be contrived 
Room in the College, efpecially if a Hall was 
built in the Place intended for the Chapel. 

As alfo would there be Room enough for the 
Houfe-Keeper, Officers, and Servants ; efpecially 
if a Quarter was built for the Negroes, &>c. 

The Tables might then be diitinguiih'd into 
four higher or four lower, viz. 

The upper Table for the Prefident and Mailers. 
The fecond for the Matters of Arts, &c. 
The third for the Batchellors of Arts. 
The fourth for the Scholars and Commoners. 
The four lower Tables mould be 

The firit for the Houfe-Keeper, and the 

upper School-Boys. 
The fecond for the Ulher, Writing-Ma- 
iler, and the lower School-Boys. 
The third for the Servitors and College 

Officers. 
And the lail for the Indian Mailer and his 
Scholars. 
This Regularity might eaiily be effected, and 
would prove not only decent and creditable, but 
alfo ufeful and advantageous to the Country and 
the College. 

The Library is better furniilied of late than for- 
merly, by the kind Gifts of feveral Gentlemen ; 
but yet the Number of Books is but very fmall, 
and the Sets upon each Branch of Learning are 
very imperfect, and not the beil of the Sort. 

To remedy this Defed proper Application fhould 
be made to the Societies and to the luperior Cler- 
gy in England, who would give at leail what 
Duplicates they have upon fuch an ufetul Occa- 
fion ; and what neceffary Colledion of Books can- 
not be obtain'd by begging, they may buy as foon 
as they ilia.ll be able to ilock their Library: as a 
great Help to which I believe considerable Con- 
tributions 



A PP E N D I X. 91 

tributions would be made by the Clergy, Burget- 
fes, and Gentry of the Country, if upon eafy 
Terms they were allowed the Ule of the Library 
at certain Hours, at fuch Times as they ihall be at 
Williamfburgh) either for Pleafure or upon Bufi- 
nefs. 

The Office of Librarian is given to Mr. John 
Harris the Ulher, in order to make his Place more 
agreeable to his Merit ; and if the Gardener was 
made to execute the Office or Porter tor his pre- 
l'ent Salary, it would be no great Hardihip upon 
him, and would be an Eafe to the College ; and 
for the Benefit and Encouragement of the Houfe- 
Keeper feveral fmall neceflary Penfions and Privi- 
leges might be contrived more than what are at 
prelent allowed : fo that it might be made well 
worth the while of a Perfon of Integrity, Know- 
ledge, and Prudence, to undertake and carry on 
fo troublefom an Office. 

The greater the Number of Collegians, the 
greater would be the Gain of the Houfe-Keeper : 
fo that when the College Ihould be full and 
compleat as here directed and wiflied, the Colle- 
gians may be boarded upon eaiier Terms ; board- 
ed I fay; becauie if any but the Prefident dieted 
themfelves, it would create Contufion ; and if an) 
belonging to the College but fuch Mailers as have 
Families were permitted to eat elfewhere, it would 
not be worth any body's while to lay in Provi- 
sion, when they could not tell what Number they 
mud provide for. 

As for the Englijk College Cuftoms of Com- 
mons^ &c. it is thought as yet more advileable to 
board in the College than to keep to thole Me- 
thods, till the Country affords better Conveni- 
ences and Opportunities for to doing. 

The Indians who are upon Mr. Boyle's Founda- 
tion ha\ e now a handfom Apartment for themfelves 
N 1 and 



92 APPENDIX. 

and their Mailer, built near the College, which 
uieful Contrivance ought to be carried on to the 
utmoft Advantage in the real Education and Con- 
version of the Infidels ; tor hitherto but little 
Good has been done therein, though abundance 
of Money has been laid out, and a great many En- 
deavours have been uled, and much Pains taken 
for that Purpofe. 

The young Indians, procured from the tributa- 
ry or foreign Nations with much Difficulty, were 
formerly boarded and lodged in the Town ; where 
abundance of them ufed to die, either thro' Sick- 
nefs, change of Provilion, and way of Life ; or 
as fome will have it, often for want of proper 
Neceflaries and due Care taken with them. Thole 
of them that have efcaped well, and been taught 
to read and write, have for the moil: Part returned 
to their Home, fome with and fome without Bap- 
tifm, where they follow their own lavage Cu- 
iloms and heatheniih Rites. 

A few of them have lived as Servants among 
the Engl/Jb, or loitered and idled away their Time 
in Lazineis and Mifchief. 

But 'tis great Pity that more Care is not taken 
about them, after they are dilmiffed from School. 

They have admirable Capacities when their 
Humours and Tempers are perfedly underftood ; 
and if well taught, they might advance them- 
felves and do great Good in the Service of Reli- 
gion ; whereas now they are rather taught to be- 
come worle than better by falling into the woril 
Pradices of vile nominal Chrillians, which they 
add to their own Indian Manners and Notions. 

To prevent this therefore, let there be chofen 
continually four Indian Servitors out of the In- 
dian School, as the other four out of the Gram- 
mar School. 



Let 



A P P E N D I X. 93 

Let thefe be maintained in the Indian Houfe, 
and wait upon the tour lower Tables : Let them 
be inftruded as the other Servitors, or as their 
Genius moil aptly may require, but particularly in 
Religion ; and when they are found qualified let 
them be Tent to England^ or placed out to Cap- 
tains of Ships or Trades, as the Mathematical Boys 
in Cbriji-Hofpitid^ for a few Years; then let them 
return and be allowed a fmall Exhibition, and en- 
couraged in their feparate Callings and Occupa- 
tions ; and let them iettle iome among the Eng- 
///b, and others return to their own Nations. 

Undoubtedly many of them would become ex- 
cellent Artilts and Proficients in Trade ; and thus 
when Reafon and Experience has convinced them 
of the Preference of our Religion and Manners, 
certainly they may not only lave their own Souls; 
but alfo be extreamly inltrumental in the Conver- 
fion of their barbarous Friends and Relations. 

In proceeding thus, any that feem capable or in- 
clinable to ftudy Divinity, fhould by all Means 
be encouraged and forwarded in it, and lent over 
for a fmall Time to one of our Univerfities with 
an Allowance of Fellows; after which, if iuch 
were admitted into Orders, and then fent out 
Miffionaries among their own Country-Folks, 
what great Good might we not expeft from fuch, 
when throughly converted and intruded in Chri- 
ltianity, and made truly fenfible of the Advantages 
of Religion, the deadly State of Infidelity, and 
the miierable Lives and Cuftoms of the Indians / 

In a Work of this Kind undoubtedly ieveral 
good Chriltians would contribute their charitable 
AlTiihnce ; 'till which the preient Fund ihould be 
applied in this Method, though the Managers 
fhould be obliged to reduce the Number of In- 
dian Scholars upon this Account ; fince this was 
the main Intent of the Benefaction, and no other 
14 Method 



Q4- APPENDIX. 



j ( 



Method can well anfwer this Defign ; which may 
be evidenced by Experience both from the Col- 
leges of Virginia and New England too, as I have 
been credibly informed from good Authors, as 
well as my own Experience. 

By fuch Methods in Procefs of Time might 
the Indian Obitinacy be mollified, their feeming 
Dulnefs might be cleared from Ruit ; and the 
Gates of Heaven be opened for their Admiffion 
upon their perfect Conversion to the Faith of 
Chrift. In fuch glorious Defigns as thefe neither 
fhoukl Humour, Intereft, nor Prejudice divert a- 
ny from their charitable Affiitance therein, efpe- 
cially fuch as are concerned in Affairs of this 
Kind, and engaged by Duty to lend their belt Aid 
in leading the Infidels into the Pale of Chrift's 
Church, and making them by mild and moil gen- 
tle Meafures to accompany his Flock ; fince all 
the Force* in the World would rather drive them 
from, than guide them, to the Congregation of 
the Faithful and Communion of Saints. 

By fome fuch prudent and mild Methods alone 
may they be made to live and die as true Chrifti- 
ans, and not like the molt lavage Brutes, as they 
generally do. 

Hbus far as to the Education of the young Men 
in Virginia, and the Inftrudion moll proper for 
the Indians; and as for the Negroes each Owner 
ought to take Care that the Children born his 
Property, and all his intelligent adult Negroes be 
taught their Catechifm and fome fhort Prayers, 
be made to frequent the Church and be baptized, 
and hindered as much as may be from Swearing, 
Lying, Intemperance, Prophanenefs, and Steal- 
ing and Cheating. 

Finally, as to the Education of Girls, it is great 
Pity but that good Boarding Schools were erected J 
for them at IV illiamf burgh and other Towns. 

Scheme 



APPENDIX. 95 



Q@2 r 



Scheme 1 1. 
Of Religion in Virginia. 

;,'v',;_T is an Opinion as erroneous as common, 
\\%( that any fort of Clergymen will ierve in 
**i'XT' //;,"/;•.'; tor Perions oi immoral Lives, 
or weak Parts and mean Learning, not only ex- 
pole themfelves, but do great Prejudice to the 
Propagation of the Gofpel there; and by bad Ar- 
guments or worie Example, inltead of promoting 
Religion, become Encouragers of Vice, Profane- 
nefs, and Immorality. Whereas were luch con- 
fined to the narrow Limits of a Parifh or two in 
England, where their Knowledge and their Name 
would fcarce extend farther than the Circumfe- 
rence of their own Country; then neither could 
their bad Learning nor Example propagate fo 
much Mifchief, as when lent Abroad into the 
World among bright and oblerving People. Nei- 
ther do they want quarrelfom and litigious Mi- 
nillers, who would differ with their Pariihioners 
about infignificaht Trifles, who had better Hay at 
Home and wrangle with their own Parilhes, 
which is not fo great a Novelty here as there. 
Neither would they have meer Scholars and Sto- 
icks, or Zealots too rigid in outward Appearance, 
as thc_\ would be without loole and licentious 
Profligates; thele do Damage to themfelves, to 
others, and to Religion. 

And 



9 6 



A PPE N D IX. 



And as in Words and Actions they fhould be 
neither too referved nor too extravagant; fo in 
Principles fhould they be neither too high nor too 
low: The Virginians being neither Favourers of 
Popery nor the Pretender on the one Side, nor of 
Preibytery nor Anarchy on the other ; but are firm 
Adherents to the prefent Conftitution in State, 
the Hanover Succeffion and the Epifcopal Church 
of England as by Law eftablillied ; confequently 
then if thefe are the Inclinations of the People, 
their Minifters ought to be of the fame Senti- 
ments, equally averfe to papiftical and fchifmati- 
cal Dodrines, and equally free from Jacobitijh 
and Oliverian Tenets. This I confefs are my 
Principles, and fuch as the Virginians belt, relifh, 
and what every good Clergyman and true Englijh- 
man (I hope) will favour ; for fuch will never re- 
fufe to fay with me 

God blefs the Church, and George its Defender, 
Convert the Fanaticks, and baulk the Pretender. 

For our Sovereign is undoubtedly the Defender 
and Head of our national Church of England, in 
which Refped we may pray for the King and 
Church ; but Chrift is the Head of the Univerfal 
or Catholick Church, in which Reiped we wiili 
Profperity to the Church and King. 

Clergymen for Virginia fhould be of fuch Parts, 
Tempers, and Notions as thefe. They likewife 
fhould be Perfons that have read and feen fome- 
thing more of the World, than what is requifite 
for an Englifh Parifh ; they muft be fuch as can 
converfe and know more than bare Philoiophy and 
fpeculative Ethnicks, and have ftudied Men and 
Bufinefs in fome meafure as well as Books; they 
may ad like Gentlemen, and be facetious and 
good-humour'd, without too much Freedom and 
Licentioufnefs ; they may be good Scholars with- 
out 



APPENDIX. 97 

out becoming Cynicks, as they may be good 
Chriftians without appearing Stoicks. They 
iliould be inch as will give up a imall Matter ra- 
ther than create Difturbance and Miichief ; for in 
all Parishes the Minifter as well as the People 
mould pals by fome little Things, or elle by being 
at Variance the belt Preaching may have the worlt 
Effect ; yet they mult not condelcend too far, nor 
part with a material Right, but mult be truly 
zealous and firm in every good Caufe both pub- 
lick and private. There are many fuch worthy, 
prudent, and pious Clergymen as thefe in Firginia, 
who meet with the Love, Reputation, Refped, and 
Encouragement that luch good Men may deierve 
and expect : However, there have been tome 
whole Learning, Actions, and Manners have not 
been io good as might be wiihed ; and others by 
their outward Behaviour have been lulpeded to 
have been, fome Jacobites^ and others Frefbyterians 
inwardly in their Hearts. 

In Virginia there is no Ecclelialtical Court, fo 
that Vice, Prophanenefs, and Immorality are not 
fuppreffed fo much as might be : The People 
hate the very Name of the Bifhop's Court. There 
are no Yiiitations, fo that the Churches are often 
not in the belt Repair, nor as decently adorned 
as might be ; neither in fome Places can the Lord's 
Supper be adminitter'd with luch holy Reverence 
as it thould be, for want of proper Materials and 
Utenlils. The Churches being not confecrated 
are not enter'd with luch reverent Demeanour, 
as ought to be ufed in God's holy Tabernacle. 

For want of Confirmation Perlons are admitted 
to the holy Sacrament witli mean and blind Know- 
Ledge, and poor Notions of the divine Mytteries 
of the Supper of the Lord ; which is an Abufe 
of a thing lo very facred. 

O In 






9 8 



APPENDIX. 



In North Carolina and feveral Parts of Virginia 
Children are often negleded to be baptized till 
they are grown up, and then perhaps may never 
know or never mind that they want to be chri- 
ften'd ; and many efteem it unneceffary. 

The Clerks upon feveral Occaiions performing 
too great a Share of divine Services, expofe the 
Church to Shame and Danger, and often bring 
Contempt and Difdain upon the Perfons and Func- 
tion of the Minifters. 

Minifters are often obliged to bury in Orchards, 
and preach Funeral Sermons in Houies, where they 
alio generally marry and chriften ; and as for Wed- 
dings there is no Regard to the Time of the Day 
nor the Seafon of the Year ; and in North Caro- 
lina the Juftices marry. 

Now to remedy all thefe Grievances and Defi- 
ciencies, with all Evils of the like Kind, there is 
an abfolute Neceffity for a Perfon whole Office 
upon this Occafion mould be fomewhat uncom- 
mon, till a Bilhop be eftabliihed in thofe Parts ; 
who might pave out a Way for the Introduction 
of Mitres into the Englifh America, fo greatly want- 
ing there. This Perfon mould have Inftrudions 
and Power for diicharging fuch Parts of the Of- 
fice, of a Biihop, of a Dean, and of an Arch- 
Deacon, as Neceffity requires, and the Nature of 
thofe (acred Fundions will permit ; and from a 
Medium of thefe three Functions he might be 
called Dean of Virginia ; under whofe Jurifdidion 
North Carolina might fall for the prefent, till the 
Constitution in Church and State there be better 
advanced. 

This Perfon mould refide in fome Parifh in Vir- 
ginia^ and be obliged to make a Progrefs (for the 
People will not approve of a Vifitation) each 
Spring and Fall in Virginia and North Carolina, 
as his Difcretion fhall bell dired him. 

As 



APPEND/JC. 99 

As for a Salary for his travelling Expences 100 /. 
■per Ann. would iuffice ; and that this might not 
bring any new Charge upon the Publick, there 
fhould be no Fees upon any Account, neither 
fhould he put them to any Expence. This Perfon 
fhould be one that is popular, univerfally acquaint- 
ed with the People, their Temper and Manners, 
and one reipeded and beloved by them ; and as a 
farther Encouragement for him, and to fupport 
the Dignity of his Office, he Ihould have a good 
convenient Parifh in Virginia ; and in his Abfence 
the Clergymen there ihould be obliged to officiate 
in his Church in Turns, according to their Senio- 
rity in the Country ; for the Detriment that the 
Parifhes would fuffer by the Lofs of Service in 
their Churches one Sunday in feveral Years would 
be nothing, when compared with the Advantage 
they would receive in Lieu of it. 

As a farther Addition to his Salary and Honour, 
he might be one of the Matters of the College, 
particularly Divinity Profeffor would be moll 
lui table with his Character and Office, and more 
convenient for him, fince he might contrive to 
make his Progrefs in the Vacation Time. 

This Salary of 100 /. per Ann. might certainly 
be eafily obtained from the Government out of 
the Quit-Rents, or otherwife, as the Commiflary's 
was; which Office and Name has not appeared 
well-pleafing to the People and Clergy, for Rea- 
fons I can't account for; neither has it obtained 
the Power and good Effect as might have been 
expeded. 

This Office of Dean might be try'd for a few 
Years, and the Dean fhould be obliged to trans- 
mit Home yearly to his Diocefan the Biihop of 
London attelfed Copies of his Proceedings in his 
Progrefs ; fetting forth the Particulars of the At- 
tempts that he has made, and the Good he has 
N 2 done. 



ioo APPENDIX. 

done, figned by the Juftices and Miniflers of the 
Place or County. The Expence of this Tryal 
would be but little, but the Good that might a- 
rife from hence might be unfpeakable, and there 
can be no Hurt in it; no Incroachment upon the 
Privilege of the People, nor the Rights of the fe- 
veral Incumbents. 

His Office and Duty fhould be to regifter all 
Letters of Orders and Credentials of Minifters, 
lent over by the Bifhop of London, and alio all 
Collations to Livings. To examine and confirm 
all Perfons before they be admitted to the Lord's 
Supper, which Confirmation (or rather Approba- 
tion) might be done without Impofition of Hands 
in a peculiar Form, proper for the Circumffances 
of this Occafion ; and the Ministers fhould admit 
none to the Sacrament without his Certificate of 
this their Confirmation, 

He fhould be obliged to fend the Minifters in 
his Progrefs timely Notice of his Intention, with 
a printed Form of his Examination and Confirma- 
tion, with Directions for the Minifter to prepare 
and exhort the Congregation thereto. In his 
Progrefs he fhould preach at fuch vacant Churches 
as he paffes by ; baptize all Children and others 
that require it; and preach up the abfolute Ne- 
ceflity of it. He fhould have Power to call a 
Veftry, and there examine whether the Church, 
&c. be in good Repair, and fit for the Congre- 
gation ; whether it be fufficiently beautified and 
commodioufly built and fituated ; whether there 
be Surplices, Communion-Table and Cloth, and 
all the Utenfils required in che Canons of the 
Church of England. 

He fhould enquire into the Condud of the Mi- 
nifter ; and likewife fhould he infped: into the 
Management of the Clerk, and prefcribe him 
Rules and Direftions in the Execution of his Of- 
4- fice, 



APPENDIX. 101 

fice, especially where there is no Incumbent Mi- 
niiter, which very frequently happens in feveral 
Places for Years together. 

He lliould fee that the Lord's Supper be duly 
and decently adminiitered, encourage People to 
frequent Communion, and inltruft them in the 
Nature of that holy Sacrament ; and as for Bap- 
tifm he lliould fee that it be rightly performed, 
and by the Biiliop of London's Directions lliould 
prefcribe the requifite Alteration in the lalt Claufes 
of the Form of Baptifm ; as alfo thofe Alterations 
wanting in the Prayer for the General Affembly, 
inllead of the Prayer for the Parliament. 

He lliould alfo vint fuch Sick as he paries by, 
and exhort all to a timely Repentance, and not 
(as they too often do) to defer that and the Sacra- 
ment till Death. 

He lliould perfuade and advife People as much 
as may be to chrilten, marry, and bury at Church. 
He lliould likewife enquire if there be any noto- 
rious and fcandalous Livers, who by their wicked 
Practices give Offence to their Chriftian Neigh- 
bours. 

He lliould likewife fee that the divine Service 
be performed regularly and decently according to 
the Rubric, and exhort and direel thereto; with 
Abundance more of fuch Things as thefe, wlu'ch 
might eahly be done, if attempted in an ealy, mild 
Manner; which might prove of wonderful Ad- 
vantage to the Good of Vertue and Religion. 

Though the Office of this Dean lliould be 
chiefly to infped, exhort, reprimand, and repre- 
fent, befides Confirming, and doing the common 
Offices of a Clergyman ; yet lliould he and the 
Veftry prefent at the County Courts any egregi- 
ous Default or Omiffion of the Kinds here men- 
tioned ; but here they lliould be very tender and 
cautious not to give general Offence, for Rigour 

will 



102 APPENDIX. 

will foon make fuch an Office odious to the Peo- 
ple, and then it will be but of little Service. 

Prefentments of this kind (when any) fhould 
be made, given in, and profecuted in the common 
Courts, in the fame Form and Manner as common 
Prefentments are ; fo that here would be no Inno- 
vation in the Proceedings. 

In order to create more Refpect for facred 
Places and Things, the Churches and Church- 
Yards there ihould be folemnly fet apart for that 
Purpofe by the Dean, by fome kind of Form of 
Conlecration fuitable to be ufed by a Perfon that 
is no Bilhop, and agreeable to the Occafion of the 
Thing, and Nature of the Place. 

Such a Perfon as this might do a vaft deal of 
Good, and reduce the Church Difcipline in Vir- 
ginia to a much better Method than at prefent it 
is in : For tho' the Church of England be there 
eftablifhed, yet by permitting too great Liberty, 
and by being too indifferent in many fuch Refpeds 
as are here fpecified, great Inconveniences have 
arofe ; and we may certainly expect far greater 
Detriment in the Church from hence, unlefs time- 
ly Lenitives and proper Remedies be applied, in 
the bed Methods that can poffibly be devifed; 
fome fuch Methods (I conceive) as thefe here pro- 
pofed may not be efteemed leaft proper ; and if 
they be rejeded or defpifed, yet I am perfuaded 
that they are not fo inlignificant as fome may ima- 
gine, and not altogether fo defpicable as to be 
quite difregarded ; and not thought worthy of 
the ferious Peruial of any concerned in Affairs of 
this Nature. 

The Method ufed for obtaining a Living in 
Virginia, is for the Party to notify his Intentions 
of going Abroad to the Bifhop of London, to pro- 
duce fufficient Teftimonials of his good Life and 
Principles, together with his Letters of Orders; 

which 



APPENDIX. 103 

which being approved of, he has then a Licence, 
and Certificate, and Credentials to the Governor, 
with an Order upon the Treafury for 20 /. for 
his Paflage; and upon his Arrival makes Applica- 
tion for fbme vacant Parilh cither to the Gover- 
nor, to the Parishioners, or to both; upon whofe 
Approbation he is admitted their Minilter. But 
Variety of Diiputes have arofe from the uncer- 
tain Interpretation of the Virginia Laws relating to 
Livings ; and though the Opinion of the bell: 
Council has been procured, yet as their Senti- 
ments could not lufficiently fettle it, fo have they 
diredly contradicted each other. Several of the 
People infift that they have the Right ot Prefen- 
tation ; and on the other hand the Governor has 
as ltrenuoully contested with them for his Right 
of Prefentation in Behalf of the King; io that 
feveral that the Parifhes have nominated or elected 
have been refufed ; and on the other Side, many 
appointed and fent by the Governor have been re- 
jected with Difdain, Dilappointment, and 111- 
Will. Thele Elections of the People are often 
diiagreeable to the Governor's Choice, and the 
People on the contrary will refute whom they fay 
the Governor may impofe upon them, though he 
comes directly recommended from the Biihop ; 
but in my Opinion their Election might be better 
given up, fuppofe they had a Right to it, fince 
it often creates fuch Ditturbance ; and in Procefs 
of Time, who knows but they may elect and in- 
fill: upon Perfons unfit for the Miniftry, either 
for their Learning, Lives, or Doctrines, and not 
licenfed by the Biihop ; and may obftinately refute 
any fuch as comes regularly, and is prefented to 
the Living by the Governor. 

This Prefentation by the Governor, who like- 
wile as Ordinary is to inltitute and induct, may 
be termed a Collation ; but there of late were not 

abo\ e 



io4 APPENDIX. 

above three or four Redors thus collated, or in- 
ftituted and induded in the whole Colony; be- 
cause of the Difficulties, Surmifes, Difputes, and 
Jealoufies that arife upon fuch Accounts. But the 
Clergy Handing upon this Footing are liable to 
great Inconveniency and Danger; for upon any 
fmall Difference with the Vettxy, they may pre- 
tend to affume Authority to turn out fuch Mini- 
fters as thus come in by Agreement with the Ve- 
ftry, who have often had the Church Doors fliut 
againft them, and their Salaries flopped, by the 
Order and Protedion of fuch Veftry-Men, who 
erroneoufly think themfelves the Majters of their 
Par/on, and aver, that fince they compared but 
from Year to Year with him as fome have done, 
they may turn off this their Servant when they 
will ; be without one as long as they pleafe, and 
chofe another, whom and when they iliall think 
moil: proper and convenient ; which Liberty being 
granted them (I believe) fome few would be con- 
tent rather never to appoint a Minifter, than ever 
to pay his Salary. 

Among many Inftances of thefe Kinds of Re- 
fufals, Ejedments, and Elections, I (hall only in- 
ftance that of the ingenious Mr. Bagge, who 
coming to England for PrielVs Orders, after he 
had been Minifter of St. Amfs for a long Time, 
was refufed by them upon his Return, when the 
Governor fent him to his own Parifh again ; where- 
as they ilrenuoufly flood by Mr. Ramsford, whom 
they had eleded and prefented to the Governor. 
And Mr. Latant, a Gentleman of Learning and 
Vertue, and well beloved, was almofl ejeded, 
nay was (hut out of his Church, only upon ac- 
count of a fmall Difference and Difpute with fome 
of his Veflry. The main Allegation they had a- 
gainft him was that they could not underftand 
him, (he having a fmall Tang of the Frcnrb) 

tho' 



APPEND! JC. 105 

tho' they had been hearing him I think upwards 
of feven Years, without any Complaint of that 
kind till that very Time. 

Governor Spotfwood^ to his great Honour be it 
fpoken, always flood up for the Right of Colla- 
tion, and was hearty in Vindication of the Cler- 
gy, who, as he profeffed in a Speech to them, cer- 
tainly had not only his Protection but alfo his 
Affection ; fo that it is difficult to be determined 
in which Refped he chiefly excelled, either in 
being a compleat Gentleman, a polite Scholar, 
a good Governor, or a true Churchman. 

I (peak in Behalf of the Right of Prefenta- 
tions belonging to the Crown ; becaufe my Rea- 
fon tells me that it is molt equitable and moft con- 
venient for the Peace and good Government, and 
for the Security of the Doctrine and Difcipline of 
the eftablifhed Church of England. 

Many Arguments I know are brought againft 
it, both from apparent Reafon and Intereir. ; but 
all thefe might ealily be confuted by this follow- 
ing Remark. 

When Churches were built and endowed, as 
thefe in Virginia, by the Laity, with the Leave 
of the Bifhop or Ordinary in antient Times, the 
Prefentations to fuch Ecclefiatfical Benefices were 
often granted away to the Families that founded 
fuch Donations, as Rewards and Encouragements 
of fuch pious Liberalities ; whereas all other Pre- 
ferments were inveited in the Church : This I take 
to be the Origin of Lay-Prefentations, when Gen- 
tlemen referved this for the Benefit of fome of 
their Poiterity or Family, who might receive a 
Maintenance from their Bounty; which they in 
Reafon ought to do preferable to any others who 
contributed nothing towards it. 

But though the Virginians built and endowed 
their Churches, yet I never could find that they 

P had 



io6 APPENDIX. 

had made any fuch Referve ; fo that the Right of 
Prefentation muft belong to the King their chief 
Ordinary, who never granted away to them the 
Title of Donation, but kept it for h.imfelf and 
Heirs ; fo though he gives them Leave to make 
Parifhes and eftablifh Salaries, yet he ftill imply'd 
an Obligation in them to give thofe Livings to 
whom he pleafes. 

This I take to be the Cafe, and hope I may 
be excufed for delivering my Opinion by any that 
may entertain different Sentiments. 

Be the Right invefted in which it will, either 
in the Crown or in the Country, I am certain 
that it ought to be determined one way or other ; 
and if it belongs to the People, yet fhould there 
be fuch Regulations made as might make the Li- 
vings certain, and the Lives of the Clergy as 
peaceable as may be. 

Were the Eftablifhment for the Clergy in Vir- 
ginia a little more plain and regular, even with- 
out any additional Augmentation of their Sala- 
ries, I am fure it would be for the Good of the 
Clergy there, and for the Encouragement of good 
and ingenious Men to go over and iettle there. 

Some Parifhes are long vacant upon Account 
of the badnefs of the Tobacco, which gives 
Room for Diflenters, efpecially Quakers, as in 
Nanfemond County ; but this might be remedied, 
either by making the Payments of equal Value in 
the other Commodities produced there, or elfe by 
a ftanding Order, which Governor Spotfajood pro- 
pofed, viz. that the Parifhes longeft vacant iliould 
be in their due Courfe nrft fupplied ; for then the 
good and bad would have Minifters alike in their 
Turns ; but the Minifters muft run the Rilk of 
their Lot, though the molt deferving fhould have 
the worft Parifh, and the molt unworthy be beft 
preferred : but the Value of the Parifhes being fo 

nearly 



APPEND/JC. 107 

nearly equivalent to each other, this imall Difference 
might eafily be made up to good Men ibme other 
way; fo that this Method may not be impracti- 
cable nor improper. 

Some Parithes are not conveniently divided ; in 
fome the Churches are not commodioufly placed, 
and other Pariihes are too large, others too imall ; 
but thefe and the like Difproportions might eafily 
be remedied by the general Affemblies, if they 
unanimoufly fet about iuch Divifions without be- 
ing fwayed by private Intereft ; to do which would 
tend to the general Good of the Clergy and Lai- 
ty ; but Works of this Nature, where great Num- 
bers are concerned, are not effected without great 
Opposition and Difficulty. 

The Buildings upon the Glebes being Timber 
foon decay, efpecially upon Vacancies; but thefe 
lhould be kept in due Repair continually by the 
Veftry : Likewife fhould the Dimenfions and Form 
of the Dwelling-Houfes and Out-Houfes be more 
particularly determined, and made fuch as might 
conveniently and handfomly receive the Miniiters 
and their Families ; which would be very great 
Inducements for them to relinquifh England for 
the Certainty of good Livings, good Glebes, 
good Accommodations, and a kind Reception. 
The Expence of building and repairing where 
moll: of the Materials are only an Incumbrance, 
would be but a Trifle to a Parifli ; whereas 'tis a 
great Expence and Trouble to a Stranger to fit 
up the Apartments that he finds, which are gene- 
rally too f'mall and often very ruinous. Belides 
this a fmall Stock of Hogs and Cattle upon the 
Glebes would be of excellent Service to New- 
comers, till they can be better furnifhed ; they be- 
ing obliged to leave behind them the fame Number 
of the fame Animals. Some Glebes, as that at James 
¥o-jjii, have this Convenience, and 'tis Pity but 
P 2 more 



108 appendix:. 

more Parillies followed fuch Examples : The 
prime Coft in flocking their Glebes by Degrees 
would be inngnincant ; and the chief Trouble 
would be for the Church- Wardens to receive the 
Stock from the Executors of one Incumbent, 
and deliver them again when there comes ano- 
ther. 

Other Difficulties that the Clergy meet with 
there are the Methods of Payment, the Laws and 
Culbms being not particular enough in this Re- 
fped ; fb that fometimes Tobacco cannot be got 
in Time convenient for the Miniiter, or is not 
delivered at a proper Place for his Intereft, or is 
not at all good of its Kind, or not of the right 
Sort, or but very indifferent, fuch as the Re- 
ceivers might have refufed, or elfe is not preffed 
hard enough, J which is a very great Detriment; 
and fometimes they will make the Ministers pay 
for their Calk, or for colle&ing, prefling, rolling 
their Tobacco, and making it heavy and conve- 
nient, and that at an extravagant Rate ; and if a 
Stranger, fearful of being impofed upon, takes 
the Management of his Tobacco into his own 
Hands, he is at a Lofs how to order it aright, 
being unacquainted with the Nature of the Com- 
modity, and the Cultoms of the Country; and if 
one Difference arifes, it frequently begets wider, 
though about thofe Things which might eafily 
be fettled, and are of but little Value in refpeft 
of their Inconveniency ; fo that the bell: way to 
get fweet-fcented Tobacco has been declared by 
iome (to ufe fweet-fcented Words. 

Now all this lhould be determined, to avoid 
future Quarrels of this kind, which too frequent- 
ly proceed from fuch Caufes, by fixing the Times, 
Places, and Manner of Payment ; together with 
a Regulation of the Allowances for collecting, 
prefling, and making Tobacco heavy and conve- 
nient ; 



APPENDIX. 109 

nient; with an Injunction for the Payment of 
none but good and vendible Tobacco for paro- 
chial Dues. Whether the Parifh or the Minister 
be to allow the Expence thereof, it might eafily 
be determined; and if both are to join in it, this 
might eafily be fettled, by which Means abun- 
dance of Variance would be prevented, and the 
Incomes would be more certain, and of a good 
deal greater Value if the Parilli did deliver good 
heavy Tobacco with Cafk to the Minifter, at 
Places molt fuitable to his own Conveniency, 
which I take to be the Intent of the Law, which 
was made for the good Payment of the Minifters. 
The Charge of this would be but final 1 to a 
whole Parilli, tho' it often falls heavy upon the 
Minister, efpecially when he meets with fliarp 
or crofs People ; but in abundance of Parifhes the 
Inhabitants are fo good that they never make any 
Difpute about thefe Things, efpecially when they 
like their Miniiter; for that he may have any 
Favour of them that he in Realon may defire. 

The Payment of the Surplus Fees alfo wants 
a Regulation ; for when Tobacco is dear, fome 
will pay them in Money, but when cheap they 
will pay Tobacco, which does not feem equita- 
ble ; fo that in my Opinion thefe Payments fhould 
always be made at certain appointed Times and in 
proper Methods, either in one or the other, 
and not left to the Humor or Difcretion of the 
Debtor, fince fometimes there is half in half Dif- 
ference. 

A Settlement of thefe Things fhould be made, 
either for the Advantage of the Clergy or People, 
or elfe a middle Expedient fhould be found out ; 
fince the Confequences of Difputes and Variance 
between Minilters and their Congregations are 
generally very pernicious to the Welfare, Happi- 
nefs, and Tranquility of both Parties ; wherefore 

Remedies 



no APPENDIX. 

Remedies mould be applied in Time, efpecially 
in fuch Cafes where Delays encreafe the Danger; 
when ill Cuftoms in Time pleading Prefcription 
are eftabliilied as firm as Median Laws, and pro- 
pagate fuch ill Habits in the Conftitution, as are 
moll difficult to be extirpated. 

As for the Eitablilhment of Epifcopacy in Vir- 
ginia, it would be of excellent Service, if Cau- 
tion was taken not to tranlplant with it the cor- 
rupt Abules of fpiritual Courts, which the Peo- 
ple dread almoft as much as an Inquifition ; but 
thefe their Fears would foon be diffipated, when 
by bleifed Experience they might feel the happy 
Influence of that holy Order among them, free 
from the terrible Notions that Mifreprefentations 
of regular Church Government have made them 
conceive. 

I have often heard that there have been Inten- 
tions of this Kind ; and that the main Obitacle 
was the Difficulty of railing a Salary fufficient to 
fupport the Dignity, and recompenfe the Labours 
of a Bilhop. But this Impediment may (I pre- 
fume) with good Contrivance be eafily removed; 
for I don't at all queftion that the fuperior Clergy 
and Collegians in the Univerfities would refufe to 
contribute half a Crown a Year for this glorious 
Undertaking, or that the Inferiors would join 
their Shillings. This might be collefted into the 
Treafury gratis, by the Officers of the Taxes, and 
might be taken off in a few Years, when upon 
Tryal the Ufefulnefs of a Biihop upon the Con- 
tinent of North America was confirmed by Expe- 
rience; for then a Maintenance might be con- 
trived by other Means very eafily, there being 
fpare Land enough to be appropriated for a Ba- 
rony. And one (killed in Political Arithmetick 
may readily compute what a handfom Income this 
would amount to with Care in colle&ing. 

A large 



APPENDIX. in 

A large Tract of Land claimed by Virginia and 
Kor/b Carolina, and under the Government of 
neither, rightly called the difputed Bounds, is a 
kind of American Mint, whither feveral wicked 
and profligate Perfons retire, being out of the 
certain Jurildidion of either Government, where 
they may purluc any immoral or vicious Pradices 
without Cenfure and with Impunity. But to end 
Diiputes about it, why might not this be granted 
to a Billiop of Virginia and North Carolina ? 

The Occafion of thefe Diiputes about the 
Bounds depends upon a Miftake or Difference in 
two Grants, one fixing the Bounds according to 
a certain Latitude, and the other fpecifying the 
Bounds (as I take it) to run Weftward from Roon- 
oak Inlet, which proves in a Latitude different 
from that before mentioned ; fo that the Lift be- 
tween thefe Parallels of Latitude, which is about 
fifteen Miles broad, and indefinitely long is dif- 
puted, the Governments of Virginia and North 
Carolina each pretending a Right to it; but this 
might eafily be fettled, either by finding out the 
true Meaning of the Grants, or what was the 
Occafion of the Error, and then determining the 
Bounds from thence ; or if this (or what is before- 
mentioned) cannot be done, the Mathematical 
Profeffor, or fome other, fhould be imployed to lplit 
the Difference between them, rather than have con- 
tinual Diiputes between the two Governments, to 
the great Detriment of the Religion and Trade 
of both of them. 

No regular Church Government or Salaries 
have been yet made for the Clergy in North Caro- 
lina ; but to bring this about, Reprefentations 
fhould be made to the Proprietors; their Di- 
rections obtained to the Governor and Affembly 
there for their Affiftance for this Purpofe, in 
Conjunction with the Millions, that, by proper 

Applica- 



ii2 APPENDIX. 

Applications, I prefume may be continued from 
the Society, efpecially when they are affured that 
Meafures will be taken to prevent their pious En- 
deavours to be any more fruftrated there ; and be- 
fides this I don't think it imprafticable for them 
to obtain the Impropriation of the two travelling 
Fellowfhips, for Clergymen of a certain College 
in Oxford, to be confined to their Government 
for fome Years ; fince at prefent they have fuch 
great Neceffity for Chriftian Help of this Sort. 

Befides, the continual Progrefs of fuch a Perfon 
as the Dean before-mentioned for fome Years, 
would be of extraordinary Service in the prefent 
deplorable Circumftances of the Church of Chrift 
in the Government of North Carol inch 



w 



Scheme III. 

Of Arts, Profess, Inventions, and Ma- 
nufadures in Virginia. 

:|gf T is an undoubted Truth, that in the 
W'^:^:"^M Multitude of Inhabitants confifts the 
SM'I'^S Welfare, Riches, and Power of any 
f^^§pf^M People; efpecially when all center in 
Obedience to the fame civil Power, and unani- 
moufly join in the Encouragement of Trade, and 
induftrioufly unite in the Improvement of their 
Manufactures ; for then the greater Conlumption 
will be made of fuch Things as tend to the publick 
Good, and the grander Figure will the Com- 
munity make, and the greater will be the Exports 
i and 



APPENDIX. 113 

and Imports of fuch Commodities as tend to the 
Increaie of the publick Wealth, and private Ad- 
vantage of each particular Member of the Socie- 
ty- 

A remarkable Inltance of this we have in the 

Dutch, whole Riches and Grandeur arofe from the 
Increaie of their Inhabitants, from their induttri- 
ous Improvement of Projects, Inventions, and 
Manufactures at Home and Abroad, and carrying 
on the greateit Trade with indefatigable Appli- 
cation. 

For thefe Reafons ihould Virginia be better 
ftocked with Inhabitants, and more ufeful Arts 
and Projects be promoted there, than hitherto 
have been. Not that this would be in order for 
the publick Good of Virginia alone, but of all 
the Britifh Empire in general ; in that there might 
be imployed all the idle and fuperfluous Perfons, 
who for want of Employment or Averfion to 
Buhnefs, prove as dead Members of the whole 
Body ; or elie by Immorality and Villany prove 
noxious to others, deftrudive to themfelves, and 
a Scandal to Mankind. 

What Shoals of Beggars are allowed in Great 
Britain to fuffer their Bodies to ruft and confume 
with Lazineis and Want % And befides Strowlers 
what Number of Poor are burdenfom to moil 
Pantiles'? How do our Streets and Highways 
fwarm with Rogues, and how are we over-itock- 
ed (as they ia\ ) with vaft Numbers of People of 
all Trades and' Profeffions ? But for all and more 
than thefe might Work enough be found in our 
Plantations, where they might be imployed in the 
Benefit of their Country, for the Advantage both 
of the temporal and fpiritual Concernments, by 
being kept to Bufmefs, and getting Money in an 
honelt Way. 

O It 



114 APPENDIX. 

It is a monkifh Opinion too prevalent with 
many ftill, that there is no good Living without 
the Bounds of their own Cloyfter. And Abun- 
dance of Englijh entertain the Chinefe Notion, 
that they are all Fools and Beggars that live in 
any Country but theirs. This home Fondnefs has 
been very prejudicial to the common Sort of Eng- 
UJh, and has in a great Meafure retarded the Plan- 
tations from being ifock'd with fuch Inhabitants 
as are fkilful, induitrious, and laborious. 

For thefe Reafons, fuch Perfons of Senfe and 
Refolution as have entered into Proje&s for Im- 
provements in the Plantations (who have evinced 
us, that all Schemes are not Bubbles) have been 
obliged for the generality to make Ufe of the 
worit and vileft of Mankind, for the Execu- 
tion of the nobleft and moil: ufeful Undertakings ; 
tho' indeed continually leveral People of Senfe, 
Vertue, and Fortune, entertaining tolerable good 
Notions of thefe Affairs, have embarked them- 
lelves and Families in fuch laudable and ufeful 
Deligns : But for the generality, the Servants and 
inferior Sort of People, who have either been 
fent over to Virginia^ or have tranfported them- 
felves thither, have been, and are, the pooreft, 
idlerl, and woril of Mankind, the Rcfi/fe of 
Great Britain and Ireland^ and the Outcaft of the 
People. 

Thefe Servants are but an infignificant Num- 
ber, when compared with the vail Shoals of Ne- 
groes who are imployed as Slaves there to do the 
harder! and moil Part of the Work ; the moil: 
laborious of which is the fell'.ng of Trees and 
the like, to which kind of Slavery (if it mull: be 
io called) our Wood-Cutters in England are ex- 
pofed ; only with this Difference, that the Ne- 
groes eat wholfomer Bread and better Pork with 
more Plenty and Eafe ; and when they are Sick, 

their 



APPENDIX. 115 

their Owners Intereft and Purfe are deeply en- 
gaged in their Recover}', who likewile are ob- 
liged to take all the Care imaginable of the Chil- 
dren of their Slaves tor their own great Profit; 
fo that the .though they work. moderately, 

live plentifully, have no Families to provide 
tor, no Danger of Beggar)', no Care for the 
Morn 

But to me it feems to be more Prudence and 
Charity for our own Poor and Vagabonds to be 
there imployed and provided tor, than for us to 
maintain and ufe fuch great Numbers of Africans. 
If we can do better without them certainly we 
fhould forbear importing io many (though this 
may interfere with the Interelt ot lome), fince it 
would advance the Good of the Publick ; and 
that we may he without them is plain, fince we 
have Rogues and Idlers enough ot our own to 
do the fame Work, to which it they were com- 
pelled by mild Methods, it would eafe the Pub- 
lick of a great deal of Charge, Trouble, and 
Lois, and would highly tend to the Advancement 
of the temporal and lpiritual Happinefs ot our 
/W-, and be very inftrumental in the Suppreffion 
of Theft and Yillany, and for the Reformation 
of the moll: Profligate. Thoufands of poor, ho- 
neft, unfortunate People of all Trades and Occu- 
pations might be there imployed tor the Support 
ot themfelves and Interelt of Trade, that can 
find neither Work nor Maintenance tor them- 
felves ami Families at Home; and Inch as had ra- 
ther (troll or ileal here, might be confined by 
mild Force to moderate Labour there, lutlieient 
to fupport themfelves, ami benefit their Im- 
plovers. 

The Briti/b Trade may eafily vend their EfFe&s 
and Manufa&ures ; and Virginia, with the neigh- 
bouring Plantations, is capacious enough tor their 
Q 1 K< ception, 



n6 APPENDIX. 

Reception, plentiful for their Maintenance, and 
abound with moft Conveniences and Materials 
for moft Kinds of Imployments ; where feveral 
Things, upon Account of the Goodnefs of the 
Climate, and Fertility of the Country, may be 
produced with lefs Labour and more Plenty than 
in Great Britain', and innumerable Commodi- 
ties might there be made by our own People, 
that are now imported at extravagant Prices, and 
exceffive Toil and Danger from other Nations : 
Nay, we might fupply other Nations with molt 
of thofe Things which we now fetch from A- 
broad ; fo that though our Imports might decreafe 
a little, yet would our Exports be abundantly aug- 
mented, ' which undoubtedly would tend much 
more to the Advantage of our Country : Even 
our own home Conlumption in moft Refpeds 
might be railed much cheaper and better in the 
Plantations than here ; especially fuch Things as 
are with great Toil and Colt forc'd (as it were) 
unnaturally out of barren Ground, improper Soil, 
or a difagreeable Climate ; and the Land and Peo- 
ple in fuch Places might be occupied in more pro- 
per Bulinefs, and for more ufeful Paffages. 

But the common People here have fuch a vain 
Fondnefs for their own Country, and fuch defpi- 
cable Notions of Virginia, &c. and are under 
fuch dreadful Apprehenfions of the imaginary Sla- 
very of the Plantations, that they chooie for the 
moft Part rather to (teal, beg, or ftarve, than go 
Abroad to work ; and in the mean Time the Ma- 
giftrates and our Laws are fo mild to them, that 
like as Pharaoh's lean Kine devoured the fat ones, 
they grievoufly opprefs and moleft the Rich and 
the Honeft. 

But certainly Means might be invented and 

pradifed for eafing our Nations of thefe Bur- 

i dens, 



APPENDIX. 117 

dens, for promoting onr Trade and Plantations 
by their Induitry; and not for the Oppreffion 
(whatever fome may imagine) of the Poor and 
Needy, but for their Maintenance and Felicity. 
And I believe this may be done without putting 
any Stop to the Importation of Negroes, rather 
than fail, fince they might be kept on in their 
preient Courie of Life and Bufinefs ; only they 
muft raife more Stock and Grain for the Support 
of the additional Englijb, who fhould Hick fole- 
ly to the Arts and Employments to which they 
were bred, or in which they are moil expert. 
Indeed while Tobacco is the only Staple Com- 
modity of any Confequence to Virginia, the 
Country may be eafily over-ttock'd with Negroes, 
becaule the Trade can't find Vent for near all the 
Tobacco that fo many Hands will make ; fo that 
the Market being over-charged, is thus fpoiled ; 
for too much of any Commodity is as bad, if not 
worfe, for the Planter, the Merchant, and the 
Publick, than too little. For which Reafon the 
Honourable the Aflembly of Virginia has from 
Time to Time endeavoured to make prudent Pro- 
vifion againit raifing too much Tobacco. 

For this Caufe they lately had a Duty of 5 /. 
a Head for every new Negroe, which Law in a 
great Meafure is now revived ; and though this 
Addition in the Price of a Negroe made no fenfi- 
ble Decreafe in the Number imported ; yet it did 
this good, viz. it brought a great Sum into the 
Treaiury of the Country, which they have ready 
to diiburfe upon any noble Occafion ; fuch as 
their late Donation to the College, to U'il- 
liamfburgh, and their additional Reward for the 
Apprehenfion of Pyrates. 

Befides their Attempts for the Prevention ot 
too many Negroes, they have a Law againit Se- 
conds^ which is moll: ferviceable in confining the 

Ouantitv 

17 



n8 APPENDIX. 

Quantity of Tobacco to its proper Bulk. The 
Intent of this Law is to prohibit all Perfons from 
manufacturing a fecond Crop from the Leaves 
that fprout out from the Stalk after the firft 
Leaves are cut off; with a Penalty upon the Of- 
fender, and a Reward for the Informer. 

The Tobacco and the Negroe Trades might be 
carried on after the prefent Methods, or with any 
fuch Regulations as may feem more proper to thofe 
concerned in thefe Affairs; without any Hindrance 
to Arts, Handicrafts, ufeful Inventions and Culti- 
vations in Virginia^ for the Intereft and prefent 
Trade of the Plantations and Great Br ltd in would 
not interfere with fuch Projeds ; but on the 
contrary they would highly contribute to the mu- 
tual Support of each other, with prudent Ma- 
nagement and Care. 

The main Difficulty, Trouble, and Expence 
will chiefly confift in lending over fuch Perions as 
are before-mentioned, and afterwards in finding 
them Habitations, Maintenance, and Work when 
they are fettled in / ^irginia, during the Term of 
their Service ; and after they are free, with a 
Livelihood and Imployment for their Pofterity. 

There can be no Injury in fuch moderate legal 
Compullion as forces People to be honeft and in- 
duftrious, though it be contrary to their Inclina- 
tions or their falfe Notions, which ought to be 
fubjeded to the publick Good and Opinion of 
the Community ; and reftrained and direded by 
the civil Power to purfue fuch Methods as the 
Legiflature fhall judge moft convenient for the 
united Intereft of all the Society or Empire. 

Upon this Principle it will be efteemed no 
Hardlliip upon our unfortunate, or lazy, poor, 
idle Vagrants, nor profligate Wretches, if the 
Government obliged them to be tranfported, and 
then found Work and a plentiful Support for 

them 



APPENDIX. 119 

them and their Families, lince this would tend as 
well to their private as the publick Good; it 
would employ our People who cannot have Work, 
or that will not voluntarily labour; it would fe- 
cure our Houies and our Pockets, it would eafe 
our Parifhes, clear our Streets, Doors, and Roads, 
and mightily encreafe our Manufactures, and cul- 
tivate our valt Trads of rich Land that are now 
but Wilderneffes over-run with large Trees, and 
inhabited by Deer, Wild-Fowls, &c. 

In order for this fome fuch Laws as the follow- 
ing might lurrice. As full, Perfons of any Im- 
ployment that can produce fufficient Certificates 
of their Honefty, and that after due Application 
they cannot get Work, or that they have been 
reduced to mean Circumftances by Misfortunes, 
with fuch like, fliould be fent over at the Ex- 
pence of the Government, which Humid alio al- 
low them Land and Neceflaries for their Settle- 
ment; in Return for which they mould do fuch 
moderate Work for the Benefit of the Govern- 
ment, as they ihall be ordered for the half of fe- 
ven Years, to be thus imployed, viz. one Day 
for themfelves, and one Day for the Government ; 
and fo on by Turns, obferving Sunday as a Day 
of Rett and Devotion. Ami after the Expiration 
of thefe feven Years they lliould be free, and might 
work Joumey-Work, or for themfelves, and 
their Land and Houies lliould be the Inheritance 
of them and their Heirs for ever; paying a fmall 
Rent or Fine to the Government for it, betides 
the Quit-Rent, out of which Rent and tin- Pro- 
duce of their every other Day's Labour might be 
allowed a fufficient Salary for Centurions or Per- 
fons to infpefl into and direfl the Work and Be- 
llas iour of thefe Servants; and the Overplus cer- 
tainly would not only pay the Money at full ad- 
vanced, 



i2o APPENDIX. 

vanced, but would likewife in a few Years 
bring in a very great Income. 

But if the Government lhould decline under- 
taking this in general, yet might particular Com- 
panies take up Land and advance Money as above 
ipecified, which would in all Probability in a 
fmall Time tend to their great Profit ; by carry- 
ing on to the beft Advantage, in the cheaper!: way, 
their feveral Manufactures and Arts, imploying 
therein fuch unfortunate poor Perions as are ex- 
pert in their refpe&ive Trades or Callings. 

How many honeit ingenious People might thus 
get Work, Maintenance, and even Eitates for 
themfelves and Families, who now lie obfcured 
in Idlenefs, and almoft devoured by Poverty? 

In the next Place, as for Vagrants and Beg- 
gars, fuppofe that all fuch Persons that are taken 
wandering above five Miles from their own Parilh 
(or lefs upon Occafion) without a Pqfs from the 
Minifter and Church- Wardens, fpecifying their 
Bufinefs, with Leave for a certain Time, or with- 
out being able to give a good Account of them- 
felves and their prefent Imployment ; lhould be 
put immediately by any Houfe-Keeper into the 
Cuftody of a Conttable, who lhould be obliged 
to carry them before the next Juitice of the 
Peace to be examined, and committed to the next 
Br/dewell or Prifon, there to work, till at the next 
Ouarter-Seffions they be ordered for Tranfporta- 
tion, except Infants, aged and difabled Perfons, 
who lhould be lent Home to, and maintained by 
their own Parifhes, if difcoverable, or elfe at the 
County Charge. Thefe lhould ferve feven Years 
for their Maintenance without Wages, with 
fomewhat lefs Perquifites and Privileges than thofe 
above-mentioned in all Refpe&s, both during 
their Service and afterwards ; however fufficient 

Provifion 



APPENDIX. 121 

Provihon fhould be made for them, though not 
fo good as for thole others. 

In this Clafs fhould likewile be included all 
petty Criminals and Bridewell Birds, all which 
fhould be transported at the Expence of the 
Countv to which they belong, as alio fhould all 
Convicts and Felons; and in Virginia fhould there 
be appointed proper Perfons to take Care of them, 
manage, and employ them, who fhould have Sa- 
laries for their Trouble, paid out of the Returns 
made by the Labour of the Servants under their 
Care; and the Overplus, which in a linall Time 
might prove very considerable, fhould belong to 
the refpective County that transported inch Ser- 
vants, by which Means Funds might eafily be 
railed in every County or Shire to defray all their 
publick Expences and Charges, from the Labour 
of their Rogues and Beggars, without any Con- 
tribution or Tax of honeft and indultrious Peo- 
ple. But to prevent Dif order and M if chief a- 
mong fuch, they that fhould be lent over for lit- 
tle or no Faults but Idlenefs, lliould meet with 
all civil Treatment and Encouragement, when 
they did their Endeavours, but undergo the Se- 
verities of Bridewell for their Faults or great Neg- 
lect. But fuch notorious Villains as are fent over 
in Chains for Robbery or Murder. c-'V. fhould be 
kept a-part, and in Chains Hill, and be made Ser- 
vants for Life, left they corrupt the reft, or 
commit greater Robberies or Murders than ever 
the) did before; which for want of" more Care 
and greater Confinement of inch Rogues too fre- 
quently happen, as they are now managed. 

However, this Rigour might be oecalionally 
abated, when any appear to be proper Objects oi 
Mercy and Charity; but this fhould be done with 
the Leave of the Government th . and Care 
fhould be taken of them both as to their Labour 

R and 



122 APPENDIX. 

and Provifion, and Security fhould be contrived 
againit any Danger that may proceed from 
thence. 

I cannot here omit mentioning a late Defign 
of feating all Convicts that fhould be imported 
into Virginia, in a County by themfelves, under 
the Care of proper Overfeers, who fhould con- 
fine them from doing any Hurt, and keep them 
to their Labour, by fuch Methods as are uied in 
Bridewell. 

The Land intended for this new County is ve- 
ry good, and fit to produce Hemp and Flax, 
which they were there folely to cultivate and 
manufacture; from whence the County was de- 
figned to be called Hemp/hire. 

Tho' this Project was never put in Execution, 
yet I am of Opinion that fomething of this Na- 
ture would be very advantageous in fecuring and 
employing our Felons, and for our better Supply 
of Cordage in our Naval Stores, and making of 
Linen of all Sorts. 

The laft Sort of Servants that I fhould be for 
fending over to Virginia (befides fuch as are fent 
by the Methods already in Ufe) are the greateft 
Part of the Parifh Poor all over England, //'dies, 
Scotland, and Ireland; fo that they fhould be bur- 
dened with none but fuch as are very old, very 
young, or elfe fickly or difabled, which would 
prove a very grateful Eafe in moil: Places, where 
the general Complaint is the vait Charge of a nu- 
merous Poor ; all which might eafily be maintain- 
ed and employed in Virginia, in proper Trades, 
Inventions, and Projects, and do great Good to 
themfelves and the Publick. 

Here might Work be cut out for Thoufands 
that now pretend to want Bufinefs; and many 
that now thro' Lazinefs decline Endeavours to 
fupport themfelves and Families, would then feek 

for 



APPENDIX. 123 

for Employment, and let to work in Earnelt, being 
frighten'd into Induftry and Labour, through the 
dr< adful Apprehenfion of being tent to the Plan- 
tations ; for fuch as could not or would not main- 
tain themfelves, and all Girls and Boys that are in 
no likelihood of doing this, lliould have their 
Names returned to the Jultices by the Church- 
Wardens and Overfeers, at the Ouarter-Seffions, 
who upon Examination fliould give Orders for 
their Tranfportation ; then would the Parilli be 
eaied, and might eafily have honeil and laborious 
People enough to do their Bufmefs and Work, 
without the Charge of Abundance ot lazy or 
poor People. 

Thefe fliould be lent over at the Expence of 
the Parilli, and their Labour would loon repay 
the Colt, and the Overplus might be applied for 
the Service of the Parilli ; lo that thefe would 
foon maintain the relt of their Poor, and bring in 
good Gain to themfelves and their Pariihioners in 
Time, it they were under lome fuch Reftri&ions, 
and had lome luch Privileges as the fun 1 Sort of 
unfortunate People here mentioned. 

But if thefe Methods of Tranfportation be 
thought impracticable, at the Expence, and for 
the Benefit of the Government, the Counties, 
and the Parillies, yet might other Contrivances be 
found to tranl port the People above fpecified, be- 
tides the Methods now prattifed by lome to tran- 
iport themfelves, and by Mr. Forward and Ionic 
Merchants tor fending over continually all forts of 
Servants; but the prefenl Number is but a Trifle 
in refpefl of what might be fent over, were Laws 
made for the better Encouragement thereof, and 
due Regulations made for the Employment and 
Provilion of fuch great Numbers as might yearly 
be lent over. For when they are there they need 
not be employed about Tobacco and Corn, as 
R 2 they 



124- APPENDIX. 

they generally are, for that might be compleatly 
managed by the Negroes ; but they fhould carry 
on other Inventions, Trades, and Arts, and be 
confined to follow their own refpedive Callings 
and Occupations wherein they are moft artful; 
and when their Time is ferved, better Care might 
be taken of them, and fuch Provifion and Privi- 
leges allowed them, that they fhould be obliged 
to labour and get plentifully their own Living in 
an honeft Way. 

Now when I come to find Employment for all 
thefe People, what a vaft Field is prefented to 
View for their Labour? Nine and Twenty large 
and fertile Counties, for the moft Part thinly in- 
habited, with Plenty of all Sorts of the belt. Pro- 
vifions and Materials. Moft if not all Sorts of 
Englijh Hufbandry, I know experimentally, may 
be carried on there with much lefs Labour, and 
far greater Encreafe than in England : For Inftance, 
it is common only by howing up the Ground, 
and throwing Seed upon it, and harrowing it in, 
to reap from fixty to eighty Bufliels for one of 
Englijh Wheat, of a large full Grain with a thin 
Rind ; and I have had two Tuns off an Acre of 
Clover, which we may mow twice ; and as for 
Barley's being burnt up with dry hot Weather, 
it often has the fame fate in feveral Parts of Eng- 
land \ befides more Experience and Obfervation 
of the Seafons, will make People more expert in 
the Management of that, and all other Sorts of 
Grain, or Seeds, and Grafs, that they have not 
there brought yet to the greateft Perfection. Se- 
veral Englijh Farmers have indeed been baulked 
of their Expe&ation, in Attempts of carrying on 
their Art to great Advantage in Virginia ; but this 
in a great Mealure I attribute to their want of 
Judgment, and too ftrift Obfervance of the Eng- 
Ijb Cultoms and Times, without making proper 
i Allowance 



APPENDIX. 125 

Allowance for the Difference of Soil, Seafons, 
and Climates; befides the vaft Expence and Trou- 
ble, and the long Time required in clearing the 
Ground for their Purpofe, in building of Barns, 
Farm-Houfes, &c. fo that frequently by that Time 
that they have brought their Purpofes to Perfec- 
tion, their Patience begins to be tired, and their 
Purfes are pretty well emptied ; fo that at lait 
they run into the rapid Current of planting To- 
bacco, which they know will bring them in cer- 
tain Gain with but little Expence. 

Now for the Conveniency of Hufbandry, I 
know a certain Gentleman, who employs a great 
Number of Negroes in clearing Plantations, and 
planting Corn and Tobacco, as ufual, with this 
Intention, viz. When thefe Negroes fhall have 
cleared the Land, planted Hedges, and built Barns 
and Farm-Houfes gradually in a few Years, with- 
out any Hindrance to their Crops, then he pro- 
pofed to let thefe Farms with a Stock of Cattle, 
&r. ready upon them for a fmall Rent and Fines, 
to iuch poor, honeft, fkilful Farmers, as he can 
procure to come and take them, either upon long 
Leafe or for Lives; and remove his Negroes upon 
frefli Land to prepare more Farms. 'Tis Pity but 
this Projed was frequently practifed, for thereby 
good Eltates might be raifed in Families; many an 
unfortunate Family might retrieve their bad Cir- 
cumilances, and find Employment and great Be- 
nefit; and all this carried on with the fame Op- 
portunity of Profit from Tobacco, as other Gentle- 
men Planters have; nay better, in that the Hands 
would be ftill tending frelh Ground. 

As for Liquors, they might make as good Malt- 
Drink, and as cheap there as any where elfe ; and 
for Cyder I think it furpaffes even Hereford/hire it 
felf, tor Plenty and Fairnefs of Fruit, the Trees 
thriving and producing wonderfully, yielding 

a ftrong 



126 APPENDIX. 

a. ftrong and good tafted Cyder, when well made 
and managed, efpecially if kept in good .Vaults. 
From Peaches is diltilled an excellent Spirit in ve- 
ry great Plenty, very difficult to be diitinguifhed 
(when well made) from Citron IF titer. This they 
call Perfico, which with many other Spirits 
might be made there to turn to a very good Ac- 
count, and produced in great Quantities from 
their numerous large Orchards of Apples and 
Peaches. Hogs, horned Cattle, and Sheep thrive 
and encreafe there mightily; and Salt and Calks 
being very cheap, vaft Advantage might be made 
more than is, by raifing of great Stocks, and 
falting up Beef and Pork for victualling of Ships, 
and fupplying the Weft-Indies and other Places 
with Provilions, which they might afford to do 
very cheap, did fome of the additional Part of 
the Servants before-mentioned make it their Bu- 
finefs to tend Flocks and Herds, and provide bet- 
ter and more Food for them in the Winter, than 
what they now ufually have. As for the Advan- 
tage of Woollen Manufactures, that is fo well 
known, that I fhall fay nothing in that Refpeft, 
only that there is in Virginia as good Wool as the 
fineft in England-, and I doubt not but with good 
Management the Climate will produce as fine as 
any in Spain, fince the Sheep in both Places are 
of Britijh Original ; and in my Opinion it would 
be a great Advantage (inftead of Detriment) to 
have fine Wool enough of our own to work up, 
without being beholden to Spain for it; efpeci- 
ally if we confider that it might either be fent 
Home to be wrought in Britain, or elie we might 
fend over Numbers of our fuperfluous Cloth- 
workers to make it up there into the fame Sorts 
of Goods, as they make in England, which would 
be much the cheapeft way ; and then theie 
Goods (hould be imported to the Clothiers here, 

who 



APPENDIX. 127 

who undoubtedly would have Call enough for 
what they can make in / Hrginia and at Home ; 
for if they fee Occanon they need not encreafe 
the Quantity, but only make Ufe of Plantation 
Wool railed by Britons, inltead of Spanijb Wool', 
and the Decreafe of our Exports to Spain might 
fufficiently be balanced (if not upon Account of 
employing Numbers of our own People, yet) by 
many other Ways. Neither can I fee any Harm 
in it, if the carrying on Woollen Manufactures 
in Virginia by Englijb People that want Employ- 
ment, the Quantity of Woollen Goods were 
thereby encreafed ; efpecially fuch as are for Home 
Confumption, and the Ufe of the Plantations; 
for then Rich and Poor would have their Cloths 
much cheaper ; and if the Draper gained lefs by 
his Countrymen, it might be contrived that he 
ihould gain more by Strangers abroad in other 
Parts of the World. 

More might be faid as to the Manufactures of 
Hemp and Flax, than what I have mentioned of 
Wool, becaufe we are in a great Meafure obliged 
for thefe to foreign Nations, who in Cafe of War 
might pinch us prodigioufly more than they do ; 
more particularly to the great Expence and In- 
conveniency of our Shipping, the Glory and Bul- 
wark of the Britijb Nations. Here we have e- 
nough of good Land lying wafte ; and at Home 
we have People lying idle fufficient to iupply us 
from Virginia^ with Ropes, Cables, and Canvas 
for our Ships of War and Merchandize, with 
Linens for wearing and for houlhold Ufe, were 
Projects fet on Foot, and rightly carried on for fo 
ufeful and advantageous Undertakings. 

Behdes this, there is Pitch and Tar enough, 
which with careful Management might be made 
as good, and afforded as cheap, or cheaper, than 
any from other Places. 

Then 



128 APPENDIX. 

Then as for Oak no Country has finer nor 
more Plenty ; which though it will not laft long 
enough for Houfes, yet it will for Shipping: 
Witnefs the New England Ships built of the fame ' 
Sort of Wood ; and as for Deal Planks here may 
be as good as any ; and I question if Gottenburgh, 
or any other Part of Europe can afford us better 
Pines for Malts and Yards (efpecially for Mer- 
chants Ufe) than what grow in Virginia in feve- 
ral Places in very great Plenty; fo that many Ships 
might be built there, which would employ Num- 
bers of Shipwrights from Great Britain, and 
would ftand the Merchants in a great deal lefs 
Expence, than if they were built at Home : 
Nay, we might even build Ships for feveral other 
Nations, and make them turn to a very good Ac- 
count, without any Rilk of doing Damage to 
our publick Safety or Intereft. 

As for Wine, in all Parts of the Country Grapes 
grow wild and thrive extreamly, but at prefent 
they are almoft only Food for the Birds; few At- 
tempts having been made for the Cultivation of 
them and making Wines, except that of Colonel 
Robert Beverley, which was thus : He having 
read, feen, ftudied, and enquired much concern- 
ing the Nature of Vintages, reduced his Know- 
ledge to Pra&ice for his better Experience and 
Certainty, in planting a fmall Vineyard ; and ha- 
ving great Profpeft that this would anfwer his 
Purpole, he bragged much of it in Publick ; but 
being bantered by feveral Gentlemen, he propofed 
to give each of them a Guinea down, if they 
would give him Ten, if he made a certain Num- 
ber of Gallons of pure Wine that Vintage ; they 
accepted the Propofals, and he diftributed (I think) 
one hundred Guineas, made the Wine according 
to the Terms agreed upon, and won his Wager ; 
which Money he afterwards employed in plant- 
ing 



APPENDIX. 129 

ing more and greater Vineyards, from which he 
made good Quantities of Wine, and would have 
brought it to very high Perfection, had he lived 
fome Years longer. 

His whole Family, even his Negroes drank 
fcarce any thing but the (mall Wines, and the 
Strong is of a good Body and Flavour; the Red 
that I have often drank to me it feems to have the 
Tafte of Claret and the Strength of Red Fort. 
Not only red Grapes, but alio white ones of all 
Sorts from Europe produce and grow there to Ad- 
miration; an Initance of which may be leen at 
Colonel William Robinfon's upon Rappahannock 
River, who has planted out Abundance ; and I 
don't queltion but he and other Gentlemen there 
will follow Mr. Beverle/s Pattern ; which if 
brought to Perfection might tend to an extraor- 
dinary good Account, and not only prove profi- 
table to the Planter, but alio advantageous to 
Britain, even if we could but make lmall Quan- 
tities of Wine there ; but much more beneficial 
would it be if there could be made Abundance, 
as in all Probability there might be, fince the 
Climate and the Soil feem fo extreamly well adap- 
ted for that Purpole ; efpecially up towards the 
Hills and Mountains, which at preient lye walte. 
Would it not be very advantageous to our Na- 
tions if we could not only raiie much Wine for 
our own Ufe, but alfo fell great Quantities to our 
Neighbours *? And I know of but two trifling 
Obftacles in the way; the one is, that the Cluiters 
of Grapes rarely ripen together, which might be 
remedied by picking them at different Times; 
the other is, that the Birds devour Abundance; 
but this might be prevented by Nets, Guns, 
Priapus, and feveral other Contrivances. This 
would employ great Numbers of People, has up- 

S on 



i 3 o APPENDIX. 

on Trial been proved to anfwer Expectation, and 
might bring vaft Profit to the Planter, to the 
Merchant, and to the Crown. 

To encourage this, I know fome that intend 
to- let Land for a 1 mall Acknowledgment in Wine. 
Much the fame might be faid of Silk, which long 
ago has been made there, and is known by Expe- 
rience to anfwer the Expectation of the Silk Men. 
For Mulberries of all Sorts thrive there to Admi- 
ration, and the Heat of the Summer has been 
found to agree with the Nature of the Silk-Worm 
extreamly well; fo that the only Reafon that I 
know, why the Gentlemen formerly concerned 
in making of Silk in Virginia drop'd their Pro- 
ceedings, was the great Profit that Tobacco 
brought them in in thofe Days ; which being 
railed there only, turned then to an extraordinary 
Advantage, much better than any other Projed ; 
but now when fo much Tobacco is made, and the 
Gain fo much lefs than formerly, I can't imagine 
why the Silk Trade is not there revived; which 
I am very pofitive would turn to a very great Ac- 
count, if carried on by good Managers. To this 
Nature feems to invite us ; for upon the Leaves 
of the Chinckapin (which feem fomewhat like 
Mulberry Leaves) I have frequently found a very 
large Worm not much unlike the Silk-Worm, 
only much bigger. 

If the Manufacture of Silk was carried on in 
Virginia, every Body knows what Profit it muft 
bring to make Silk of the Produce of our own 
Dominions, in great Plenty, and at cheaper Rates 
than we can have it from Afia. 

Befides, we may oblerve that the great Num- 
bers of People employed in this Manufacture, for 
the molt Part, might be the young, the aged, 

and 



APPENDIX, 131 

and the di fabled, who could not work at any thing 
that required hard Labour or much Stirring. 

As for Hops, England might lave a great deal 
of Trouble and Expence, and employ their Peo- 
ple in better Bufinefs than Hop-Yards, if Hop- 
Grounds were cultivated in Virginia, which is 
much fitter for the Purpofe. 

As for phyfical Plants and Trees, abundance of 
Poor might be employed in fimpling and collecting 
Drugs for the Apothecaries Service, which abound 
there ; fuch as Saflafras, Saxafras, Snakeroot, with 
numberlefs more, whole Virtue is unknown ; 
and undoubtedly among fuch various Sorts of a- 
nonymous Plants and Shrubs, there mult be many 
whole Qualities are ltrange to the molt fkillul 
Euro [Wins, tho' many of them be underttood by 
the Indian Dodors : If it be not the true Cortex, 
yet they have a Bark very like it in Colour, Talte, 
and Operation. 

I know that Abundance of Sumack is yearly 
confumed in England; but not being perfect in 
the Ufe and Nature of it, I fhall only lay that it 
grows there in great Plenty; and that the Indians 
have feveral fine Colours both for Dying and 
Painting, that we know nothing of, as to their 
Compofition and Ufe; but Enquiry into thefe 
Things, and Experience might, for what any 
knows, in a fmall Time turn to a good Account, 
both for the publick Advantage, and for the In- 
terelt of particular Perfons. * 

I ilia.ll fay little of Sawing-Mills, fince they 
are already in Ufe there, and the great Benefit of 
them is fo well known. Certainly it mult be im- 
proper to beltow much Labour and Expence up- 
on that which might eafily be done for a fmall 
Colt, anci with much quicker Expedition ; yet is 
this wonderful and uleful Invention prohibited in 

S 2 fome 



132 APPENDIX. 

fome Parts of Great Britain, upon Account of a 
few that pretend they can't get their Livelihood 
by any other, but the itupid flavifh Work of 
Sawing : But in my Opinion we might as well 
prohibit the Ufe of Boats in all our Rivers, be- 
caufe it interferes with the Intereft of the Car- 
riers, and hinders the Consumption of great 
Quantities of Hay and Oats in the Inns. I won- 
der that they don't neglect the Ufe of Horfes, 
Jacks, Handfpikes, and Cranes in his Majefty's 
Yards, as well as Sawing-Mills ; lince each of 
them abbreviates Labour and leffens the Expence, 
requiring fewer People than mull: be employed, 
were it not for thofe Inventions, fo much hated 
by the common People; but certainly thefe might 
be fo employed in other Bufinefs, fo as to get 
more Money with lefs Labour. But to return to 
Virginia, I am certain that if more Sawing-Mills 
were fet up there, it would bring great Profit to 
the Owners, employ many People there, and 
make Timber for Ships and Houfes come at a 
much cheaper Rate in England, than it now does, 
without any Lofs to the Englijh landed Gentle- 
men or Timber Merchants. 

Paper-Mills I believe would anfwer well there; 
for there are good Runs of Water with Timber 
for nothing for building them, and I am fure the Ne- 
groes would fupply them with Rags enough for 
Trifles ; to which add the Advantage of Water 
Carriage ; thefe need not interfere with the En- 
gl (fb Paper-Mills, but only fupply us with fuch Quan- 
tities of Paper, as we buy from foreign Countries. 

As for carrying on the Filliing Trade in Virgi- 
nia, though there be Plenty of Fifli there, yet I 
believe other Countries where Fiiheries are efta- 
bliili'd, and that have little elfe to mind and de- 
pend upon, would outdo it in this Refpecl ; on- 

ly 



APPENDIX. 133 

ly more Whales might be taken upon the Eaftern 
Shore, and bring good Gain to fuch People as 
would make it their Bufinefs ; and I don't queltion 
but the Sturgeons (with the belt of which the 
Rivers abound) might with good Management 
and Induttry be made to furpafs all others, both 
for Cheapneis and Goodnefs, for they are large, 
fine, and eafily taken ; nay, they frequently leap, 
fome aihoar and fome in Boats, as I have been 
very credibly informed. 

Upon the Rivers and Creeks are vaft large 
Marlhes, which being drained and fecured with 
mud Walls, would employ abundance of People, 
and might be converted into as good Meadows 
and as large, as thofe upon the Thames about and 
below London. Such Meadows are much wanting 
there, and would well recompence the Colt and 
Trouble of the Undertakers of fuch noble Pro- 
jeds ; befides this would confine the Rivers to 
their proper Channels ; whereas now they cover 
for Miles from each Shoar large Ouantities of flat 
and lhoaly Ground, uielefs and incommodious. 
However impracticable or difficult this Talk may 
appear to fome, yet I doubt not but in Procefs of 
Time it may be effe&ed. 

The upper Parts of Virginia are deprived of 
the Advantage of Water Carriage, becaufe the 
Rivers above the bulls are generally full of Trees 
brought down by Land Floods, with fome Rocks 
here and there; but they might be made naviga- 
ble, and cleared very eafily with fmall lkilful La- 
bour, for they are generally broad and fuller of 
Water than our inland Rivers where Boats and 
Barges of great Burden can pals ; and Wears might 
be occafionally made there as up the Thames ; but 
the main Difficulty would be at the Falls or Ca- 
tarads, where the Water falls over vaft Rocks 
,0 with 



i 3 4- APPENDIX. 

with an hideous Noife and great Force. Hither 
Sloops can come, where the Goods might be 
landed with Cranes, and then put on Board the 
Boats before the Falls ; and by the like Methods 
might Goods be fent down. But in Time it may 
be worth while to turn Part of the Rivers, and 
make Locks one above another, whereby Sloops 
might eafily be let down or taken up, and fo pafs 
the Falls; like as the large Boats of Pleafure and 
Burden are carried with Profit and Eale thro' Val- 
lies and over Hills quite a-crofs France, in the 
wonderful Canal of Languedoc, which was con- 
trived by the late King, in order to make a Com- 
munication from our Seas, to the Mediterranean 
through the Heart (almoft) of his Kingdom; 
which A&ion has added to his Glory as well as 
Profit, and brings in a great Income both to the 
Crown and to the Undertaker of this moft won- 
derful Work. If in England we will not follow 
this Example by making a Communication from 
the head Branches of the 'Thames into the Severn, 
which is very practicable, the Diilance being but 
a few Miles; yet I queltion not but in a few Years 
they will be obliged to imitate the Locks of Lan- 
guedoc at the Falls in Virginia. 

In the Rocks up James River, and in other 
Places is found a Stone refembling a Diamond, 
much nearer than any Cryital or Brtjlol-Stone, 
being very hard and ornamental. 

There has been formerly difcovered a Sand 
taken for Gold Duft; and towards the Moun- 
tains are variety of Stones, fome feeming to con- 
tain feveral Kinds of Metals, and others are good 
for Building ; among which is the Appearance of 
Abundance of excellent Marble of feveral Sorts. 
Upon the River Sides is call up by the Tides a- 
bundance of black heavy Sand refembling Smith's 

Filings ; 



APPENDIX. 135 

Filings; but the Nature and Vertue of this is 
unknown as yet : I believe it is waflied from fome 
Veins of Mines at the Bottoms of the Rivers, or 
is carried down by the Current, as Gold Dull in 
Africa, from the upper Parts of the Rivers, and 
from the Rocks and Mountains. 

In leveral Places is Coal enough near the Sur- 
face of the Earth ; and undoubtedly in Time they 
will either have Occafion or Vent for it, to fup- 
ply other Places, if they will not ufe it them- 
felves ; but it Coal Works were there carried on 
to Advantage, Newcafile may witnefs, what Num- 
bers of Ships and People are employed in fuch 
Affairs, and what vaft Profit accrues from 
thence. 

If our Iron Works in Virginia meet with any 
tolerable Encouragement, we fhall have no Need 
to apply to Spain and Sweden for Iron, for we 
have there enough to ftock all Europe ; and as I 
have been informed it furpafles all other Iron in 
Goodnels and Cheapnefs. This Manufacture might 
be carried on without any Detriment to the Iron 
Merchants and Makers in England; for they might 
Hint the Quantity, have it all brought into their 
Hands, and ufe tbemfelves what they want inltead 
of foreign Iron, and vend Abroad the Overplus 
that they may permit to be made. Certainly this 
moil: ufeful Commodity would come cheaper from 
our own Dominions than from other Countries ; 
and in working it from the Oar to the Bar would 
employ great Numbers of People that now beg 
or Heal for their Living. As for working Iron 
up into Internments and Tools in Virginia, I be- 
lieve they would fcarce defire fo great Liberty ; 
unlcfs upon Confederation the Gentlemen concern- 
ed in fuch hard Ware found it to be for the Intereft 
of themfelves, their Workmen, and the Publick, 

to 



136 



A P P E N D IX. 



to fend over People to make all Sorts of Uten- 
fils in Iron in Virginia, where they may have all 
Sorts of Provifions and Materials for their Work 
much cheaper than in England', where they may 
have Land to fettle for little or nothing ; where 
Wood, Oar, and Water Conveniences are plen- 
tiful. What Detriment would it be to work up 
Iron there, if it may be done cheaper, and by the 
fame People, who are fo numerous in England 
that they can (abundance of them) hardly get 
Work and a poor Livelihood ? But if it will not 
be granted that Iron fhall be wrought in Virginia, 
yet might it be cajl there ; if Forges will not be 
allowed there, yet might Furnaces be encouraged, 
from whence our Merchants may be fupplied with 
better and cheaper Iron than from other Places; 
and Recompence might eaiily be made in the 
Trade to Spain and Sweden, &c. for the Defi- 
ciency that would enfue in the Quantities of Goods 
exported thither in Exchange for their Iron. 

Virginia is juftly efteemed one of the mod con- 
fiderable Branches of the Britijh Dominions; may 
it then not be thought very hard that the Virgi 
nians fhould not only be debarred the Favours al 
lowed other Britons ; but alfo have lefs Privilege 
allowed them than is given to foreign Nations ? 
What then may be the Reafon why other Na- 
tions are permitted to import their bar Iron, 
whereas the Virginians fhall not make a Bar, and 
muft pay the Duty of foreign Iron for all the fig 
and fow Iron that they make ? 

I might mention more Projeds, that in all Pro- 
bability would turn to an extraordinary Advan- 
tage, if carried on in Virginia ; but I prefume 
thefe may fuffice as a Specimen to fhew how ufe- 
ful and eafy it is to promote many Trades, Arts, 
and Manufactures there, and what Numbers of 

poor, 



APPENDIX. 



i37 



poor, idle, and wicked People may there be em- 
ployed, and get a plentiful Maintenance and Set- 
tlement for their Families, and by their Labour 
may enrich themfelves, the Planters and Mer- 
chants, benefit our Trade, encreafe the Revenue 
of the Crown, and advance the Intereft and Glo- 
ry of Great Britain, Ireland, and all the Englijh 
Plantations and Settlements Abroad. 

I fliall conclude this Scheme with obferving, 
that the People fent over for fuch Employments 
as are here mentioned, when rightly fettled, might 
have their Pro virion much cheaper than in Eng- 
land, and might have their Cloths fent over at the 
bell: Hand ; and might be feated conveniently on 
Tracts of Land taken up, bought, or rented by 
long and cheap Leafes; which befides the Pro- 
fit of their Labour would fecure Eitates for Thou- 
fands of poor miferable Wretches, would advance 
the Price of Land, and augment the Income of 
the Ouit-Rents. 




S C H E M E 



138 APPENDIX. 



■ %i ...... "' ) 

If,', i-:*.- -.■'■'■ • t • ; - - ' ' ;• ;,.- . ) 

3&W o(jtf uijtf ouU ob^ 00'U OuO ou'0 o(jo oUOoO'U ouo' oUOC-OO oljO o(jtf o(j'0 <WWO 



Scheme IV. 
Of Trade in Virginia. 

Jg| H E Projeds before laid down might 
be put in Execution without any Im- 
pediment to the planting of Tobacco, 

iWM Corn ' & Ct m the Methods that are 
now pradifed, and without any Lofs 
to the prelent Virginia Trade, and Income to the 
Crown arifing from Tobacco, or Decreafe of the 
vail Quantities of all Sorts of Commodities yearly 
tranfported to that large Plantation. And till 
fuch Defigns as are here laid down be put in Ex- 
ecution, or brought to due Regulation and Per- 
fedion, it might not be Coil and Labour thrown 
away if the Virginia Gentlemen, Traders and Plan- 
ters attempted at fome, if not all the Things 
mentioned for their Advantage in the laft Scheme; 
efpecially when Tobacco is fo very low, that it 
is not worth while to plant too much of it, which 
frequently happens. They might foon perceive 
if thefe Defigns would anfwer Expedation ; and 
Trials for Experience at their Leifure would not 
coil: much ; for their Experience, I fay, rather 
than their Satisfaction, becaufe they may be fatif- 
fied as to the Pradicablenefs and Ufefulnefs of 
moil of thefe Things, from the repeated Proofs 
that have been already made in moil of thefe 

1 Commo- 



APPENDIX. 139 

Commodities, together with many more ; particu- 
larly Hides, which I forgot to mention, which are 
now hardly of any Ufe or Value there, but might 
be tann'd very cheap, becaufe of the Plenty of 
Bark ; and I believe likewife that good Ufe might 
be made of their Sheep and Calf-Skins, which 
are now of no Value nor Ufe worth ipeaking of. 
What Numbers would the Manufadure of thefe 
Things employ, and what Advantage would it 
bring to the Workmen and the Planters'? 

But I fee that thefe Proportions may raife the 
loud Clamours of Thoufands of People concern- 
ed in England, in the Trades belonging to all the 
Commodities here fpoken of: In Anlwer to whofe 
various Objections it may be replied, that all 
thefe Things would be wrought by their own 
Countrymen, poor Neighbours, or Friends; that 
it will eafe them of their Poor, Vagabonds, and 
Villains: That all thefe Goods are to be tran- 
fported to England, fo that in reality J'irginia 
would be only as a Yard or Work-Houfe where 
thefe Servants and Journeymen would labour for 
the Engli/b; befules feveral of thefe Things are 
fuch as we are wholly or in part lupplied with 
from other Nations ; and certainly we had better 
have Goods of the Produce of our own People 
and Countries, than buy them of Strangers, who 
make them for us ; and if too great Quantities of 
any kind fhould be made, more than our own Con- 
fumption requires, furely it will be very advan- 
tageous for us, if we can fupply other Nations 
with fuch Goods, the belt of their Kind, and at 
the cheapeit Rate. Whenever any of thefe Pro- 
jects lhould interfere with the Interest of Great 
Britain, by all Means they lhould be itop'd ; and 
when particular Trades or Perions might receive 
Damage by any of thefe Projects carried on in 
T 2 Virginia, 



i4-o APPENDIX. 

Virginia, Amends might be made them by fome 
other Privileges and Advantages in feveral other 
Refpe&s. Such Things fhould be encouraged 
there, though they made lefs of feveral Kinds 
here ; for Abundance of our People and our Land 
might be employed more properly in other Things, 
rather than in what they are ; which might be 
much more eafy to them, more agreeable to their 
Soil, and more to the Intereft of themfelves and 
the Publick. ; efpecially with Refpett to fuch 
Things as would be produced better, with lefs 
Labour and more Plenty, with lefs Expence and 
more Profit in Virginia than in Great Britain. 
Such Things certainly might more properly be 
manufactured there, and our Land and our Peo- 
ple now employed at Home about thofe Things 
(liould be put to better Ufes and Purpofes, more 
fuitable and more beneficial both for the publick 
and private Intereft. Thefe Meafures would cre r 
ate no Alteration in the prefent Trade and Me- 
thods, but would only augment and add new Ad- 
vantages and Improvements to our Merchandize 
and Manufactures : Inftead of being a Hindrance 
to the prefent Cuftoms and Methods, it would 
promote the Intereft and Trade both of Great 
Britain and Virginia, and the other Plantations. 
Would it not be for the Good of Thoufands of 
unfortunate People, befides for the Benefit of 
Virginia, if Farmers were there well fettled, and 
Hufbandry carried on regularly, and all Sorts of 
Grain and Grafs brought to Perfeftion ; if greater 
Quantities of good Cyder and fine Spirits were 
made there, not only for their own Ufe, but for 
Tranfportation to the IVeJl-lndies ; nay, and thro' 
England to the Turki/b Dominions where Wine is 
prohibited ? How cheap might Ships be there 
victualled with the bell Provifion, and what Quan- 
tities 



APPENDIX. 141 

titles of barrelled Pork and Beef might be export- 
ed from Virginia,, with Indian Corn, Wheat, 
Rye, < . and be lent to feveral Parts of the 
World, where fuch Things turn to very good 
Account for the Merchant and Farmer"? Many 
indeed have been baulked in planting arid hufban- 
dry there ; but Inch have been chiefly Londoners, 
who arc Strangers to Country Buiinefs. Any 
Perfon may conceive the great Profit and Ule 
to Trade in general, by having the Marines 
turned into Meadows, the Rivers confined to 
deep Channels, by Paffages being contrived at the 
Falls, and the upper Parts of the Rivers being 
made navigable. ' England is the Mart and Store- 
Houle, whither the Manufactures and vendible 
Goods of Virginia for the moft Part thould be 
fent; and after the Engli/b have culled what they 
like and have Occafion for, furely they are fo fkil- 
ful in Merchandize, that they could vend to other 
Countries the Overplus of thefe Commodities, 
and reap fufficient Profit for their Pains. Thus 
fuppofe we lhould have more of the following 
Things than our own Ufe requires, certainly they 
might eafily and profitably be difpoled of to o- 
thers; fuch as the leathern and woollen Manu- 
factures, hempen and flaxen Goods, Pitch, Tar, 
Timber for Ship and Houle-Carpenters, and Ca- 
binet-Makers, Joyners, c-'V. fuch as Oak, Deal, 
Walnut, Hickory, Cedar, Cyprefs, Locult, and 
the like, with Malls, Yards. Ships, and all Sorts 
of naval Stores, with Planks, Clapboards, and 
Pipeftaves; and alio Hops, Wine, Hoop-, Calk, 
Silk, Drugs, Colours, Paper. Train Oil, Stur- 
geon, with various Sorts of Stones, Mineral-, 
and Oars, with Cord, Wood, and Coals, and Me- 
tal-, particularly Iron ; which laft, if it meets 
with proper Encouragement, will loon be made 
extreaml) ufeful to the Publick. I lliall 



142 APPBND/JC. 

I fhall not infift at large upon the great Profit 
accruing from the Goods lold to the Indians, and 
their Dear-Skins and Furs which we buy. There 
is Land, Provifion, Materials, and all other Re- 
quifites for carrying on thefe Things to the great- 
efl Perfection and Profit ; and muft not Trade and 
Shipping be wonderfully benefited and advanced, 
by tranlporting to and fro the Perlons and Things 
before-mentioned ? 

Thele Projects would tend to the great Intereft 
of the Plantation, as well as the Good of Thou- 
lands of poor or idle Englijb, and the Advantage 
of the EngUJh Dominions and Trade in general; 
and beiides the Benefits above-mentioned, we 
may further oblerve, that by fuch Means our in- 
ferior People that now are cloathed with Rags, 
being promoted to Circumrtances that would af- 
ford it, would yearly expend vail: Sums in good 
Apparel, Houfhold Goods, &c. which they muft 
be lupplied with from Great Britain, whereas 
now they are not only ufelefs, but even are noxi- 
ous Branches of our Society; to which Clafs we 
may reduce at leait (I believe) ^V Part of our Peo- 
ple, who might thus be put in a Method, not 
only to maintain themfelves handfomly and live 
well, but likewife by their Confumption of Goods 
would fupport Thousands of Families in the ma- 
nufacturing of fuch Commodities as they may 
have Occalion for : And the Addition to our pub- 
lick Riches, which would be required in the Ad- 
vancement of the Fortunes and Eitates of all thefe 
mean People, would arife from the Encreafe of 
our foreign Trade, in fupplymg other Countries 
with thofe Commodities, many of which we now 
even buy our felves : fo that in Realty thefe Folks 
might be maintained and provided for well at the 
Expence of foreign Nations, without ' the leait 

Charge 



APPENDIX. 143 

Charge or Contribution (in effect) of our own 
Fellow-Subjects. 

Virginia was the firft Plantation, and is one of 
the very belt and largeft, depending molt diredly 
upon the Crown, and bringing molt into the 
Trealury upon account of the Ct/ftoms and ^}uit- 
Rents; therefore it has the firft Title to claim, 
and a fuperior Right to demand luch Encourage- 
ment, as may lend to the fpeedy Promotion of its 
Trade and Pfofperity. This Colony ought firlt 
to be brought to its greateft Perfection, and then 
the others may crave the like Affiftance, in iuch 
Methods as may belt fuit with their Occafion and 
particular Circumftances ; fo that in their Courfe 
continually all the Plantations might be made con- 
ltant and lure Receptacles, and find fufficient Pro- 
vifion and Employment for all our Poor, our 
Beggars, and our notorious Rogues ; all which 
might more effectually and expeditioullybe brought 
to pais, if our Slave Trade were moderated, if 
not ended, and exchanged for fome other as ad- 
vantageous for the Merchant, and the publick 
Good ; tor by what I underltand fince the Plan- 
tations are fb well ltock'd with Slaves, and they 
breed and thrive there fo prodigioufly, the Corn- 
pan) has not gained very exceedingly by Having 
ot late Years ; but be their Gain much or little, 
I am perfuaded that if fewer Slaves were imported 
to Virginia, it would be better for the Virgi 
Planters and Merchants ; and with humble Sub- 
million I am of Opinion that the African Traders 
might profecute more gainful Adventures than too 
much /laving. 

But I lliould not pretend to direct in the Re- 
gulation of Trade: only I fliall take Leave to 
make this Obfervation as to the Trade of Virgi- 
nia, \iz. It is great Pity but that the publick 

Tobacco 



14-4 APPENDIX. 

Tobacco were well ordered ; for the Publick, the 
County, and the Pariili Levies might be paid 
much better, there being too frequently Defici- 
encies, both in the Manner of the Payment, and 
the Quality of the Commodity. 

This with the Negroe Trade is what the Afiem- 
bly have often considered and attempted to recti- 
fy ; in which Refpefts their irrenuous Endea- 
vours juilly merit the Applaufe and grateful Ac- 
knowledgments of all Perfons interested in thefe 
Affairs. As for the Engl/Jb Laws and Duties re- 
lating to Tobacco, they are out of my Sphere ; 
only I know that frequently the Duty is fo high, 
and the Price fo low, that it is very hard for the 
Merchant', and the Planter and the Smoaker get 
little or nothing but their Labour for their Pains 
and Expehce; for it has happened that Planters, 
who have had a great Dependance upon their 
Years Crop of Tobacco, for the Support of 
themfelves and Families, have, inftead of clearing 
any thing, been brought in Debt by it, the 
Charges and Duties far over-balancing the Price 
of the Tobacco; fo that though the Virginians 
are for the moft Part very eager at making To- 
bacco, which formerly turned to a vaft Account, 
yet of late Years they fometimes get little or no- 
thing by it, but Trouble and Lofs; becaufe of 
the great Expence in making and fending it Home 
to Market, and the great Duties which are paid 
out of it, and the fmall Price that it ufually bears, 
efpecially when there is no great Demand and 
Call for it. Befides many Frauds having of late 
Years crept into the Trade, and Abundance of 
Tobacco being counterfeited, and more run in 
fome Parts and Ports of Great Britain, the cun- 
ning Dealer often by fuch Means ruins the, fair 
Trader, by vending his poor damaged counter- 
feited 



APPENDIX. 145 

feited or run Goods at a cheap Rate, thus under- 
felling his Neighbour, impofing upon the Pub- 
lick, and defrauding the Government; nay, 'tis 
laid that fuch have often doubly cheated the Go- 
vernment, firft by running Tobacco, or entering 
all light Hogfheads at Importation, which in their 
Language is called Hickory-puckery : and then a- 
gain by getting a Debenture for Tobacco that 
has been run, or entering all heavy Hogiheads 
for Exportation, which they term Fuckery-bicko- 
/r; after which it is {aid that the fame Tobacco 
has been runned again into fome neighbouring 
Port. 

It mull be allowed as a Demonftration that 
fome fuch Practices have been ufed, if upon En- 
quiry it be diicoverable that the Government has 
loit by the Cuftoms, when the Amount even of 
the Debentures has by much exceeded the Income 
of the Duties: without any Allowance for the 
vaft Quantity that is conlumed in the Country in 
fmoaking, chewing, Snuff, < . 

Having here and in the lalt. Scheme fpoken of 
the Vent that might be contrived for the addi- 
tional Produce of Virginia, I fhall add no more 
upon that Subject, but fubjoin a few Considera- 
tions relating to all the Plantations in general. 

The Extent, the Wealth, the numerous Inha- 
bitants, the Hands employed, the Goods con- 
fumed, the Duties and Cuftoms occafioned by 
the Plantations, efpecially fuch as / . are 

well worthy the molt ferious Confide ration, and 
claim the greatett Favour and Encouragement in 
the Trade and Manufactures of thofe Pla 
which are vaiily larger than all his ■ /. Do- 

minions in /■- ':■.-■■ ,\\ and in Time may become as 
considerable : they being at preient one of the 
chiefeft Cauies and main Supports ot our Trade, 

U and 



i/j-6 



A PPE N D IX. 



and bringing as much Money into the Treafury, 
and the Puri'es of Merchants, and other People, 
as molt other Parts of the World to which we 
trade. 

The Good of the Publick confifts as well in 
the Welfare of the Subject, as in the Power and 
Riches of the Prince ; Regard being to be had as 
well to the Circumftances of the one, as the other. 
Now the Advancement of Trade and ■ Manufac- 
tures in the Plantations in the higheft Degree re- 
fpects both the Sovereign and the Subject, in which 
both the publick and private Intereft is deeply 
engaged ; therefore fliould the Plantation Trade 
and Manufactures be let upon the belt Footing 
imaginable ; be carried on itrenuoufly to the belt 
Advantage; and be granted all reaibnable Favour, 
Protection, and Encouragement. They are Branches 
and chief Members, why then may they not con- 
tinue jultly to partake of the fame Privileges and 
Advantages that are enjoyed by England, which 
may truly be efteemed their Head, to which they 
are infeparably joined, as being effential Parts of 
the fame Body Politick? I need not relate the Fa- 
ble of the Head and Members, for every one 
knows the Moral inferred from it ; how that un- 
lets the Members travel and labour for the Service 
of the Head and Body, and the Head contrives, 
and the Body conveys Nourifhment and Sufte- 
nance to the Members, the whole Fabrick, both 
Head, Body, and Members would foon perifli, 
and moulder to Dutt. I prefume that the Appli- 
cation of this to Great Britain, and our Trade, 
and Plantations may not be altogether improper. 

There can be no Room for real Apprehenlion 
of Danger of a Revolt of the Plantations in fu- 
ture Ages : Or if any of them iliould attempt it, 
they might very eafily be reduced by the others ; 

for 



APPENDIX. 147 

for all of than will never unite with one another; 
for though all the Plantations agree in this, that 
they all belong to, and depend entirely upon Great 
Britain] yet they have each Mews different from 
one another, and as ftrenuouily puriue their fepa- 
rate Intereits, by various and dittinct Methods. 
Belides, they can't poilibly be without Great Bri- 
tain, to which they owe their being at firlt made 
Colonies; and afterwards have been always fup- 
ported, maintained and employed by it. They can't 
live without this Mart for their Manufactures and 
Market, tor Supply of Goods that they want ; where 
they have a great Intereft, from whence they are 
deicended, to which they are united by Blood, Re- 
ligion. Language, Laws, and Cuftoms, and alio 
tiny have and may always expeft to find greater 
Favour, Encouragement, and Protection in Eng- 
land, than from any other Nation in the World. 
The Plantations ca 1 lot poflibly fubiift without 
fome Trade, Correfpondence, Union, and Alli- 
ance in Europe, and abfolute Necellity obi:. 
them to fix thefe perpetually in Great Britain. 
Upon which, as upon a Stock, the}' arc ingrafted, 
ipring forth, bloffom and bear Fruit abundantly, 
and being once lop'd off from it, they would 
loon wither and perifh : thus is it the [ntereft and. 
Safety, as well as the Duty and Inclination of the 
Inhabitants of our Plantations, always to be iub- 
fervient to the Government of England, by which 
they arc: planted, protefted, fupported, affifted, 
and encouraged. 

'Tis true indeed, that the Roman Colonies, fo 
famous and flourishing of old. are long ago all 
quite extinft; but then this is to be attributed to 
the Decline and Deftru&ion of the Roman Em- 
pire it lelf. and had that continued, in all Proba- 
bility England it felf had ttill been a Roman Co- 
Li 2 lony. 



148 



APPENDIX. 



lony, as it once was ; but when the Romans for- 
fook England, then England loon diibwned Rome, 
being obliged to apply for Succour to the Saxons, 
afterwards to the Danes, and afterwards being 
brought to the Norman Eiiablifhment ; from 
whence it has wonderfully and gradually advanced 
its own Grandeur, Wealth, Dominions and Trade, 
to its preient immenie and glorious Bulk ; in 
which thriving and flourishing Courfe may it ftill 
profperoufly proceed in the prefent Eftablilhment 
in Church and State, till Time it felf ihall have 
an End. 

The Roman Colonies were for the greatest Part 
inhabited by the Nations to whom the Coun- 
tries belonged before the Approach of the Ro- 
ma/' Legions, who firft fubdued them, and then 
made them as Slaves rather than Fellow Subje&s ; 
fo that when the Forces that kept them in Awe 
and Slavery were removed, they then readily em- 
braced the joyful Opportunity of recovering their 
antient Rights and Laws, and reafluming their 
old Religions and Liberties, au"d refcuing them- 
felves and their Country from Slavery and Bon- 
dage, wherewith they had been captivated by the 
Roman Conquelts. 

But in our Colonies and Plantations the Cafe is 
vaftly different ; we have there few or none of the 
Indian Inhabitants intermixed with us; the Coun- 
try is capacious enough for our Reception in the 
Illands and along the Coafts, and there is fuffici- 
ent Room for the Indians backwards upon the 
Continent. Our Colonies are all inhabited for 
the moil Part by Britons and \rijh\ their Trade 
and Intereft, Cultoms, Laws, and Religion are 
agreeable to, or the fame with ours; neither is 
there any Necellity for Fleets or Armies to keep 
them in Subjedion and Awe. 

Inftead 



A P P E N D I X. 149 

Inftead of forfaking England, it may be in the 
Power (as well as it would be the Intereft) of 
the Plantations to affift England againft any fo- 
reign Force, that in future Ages may injure, in- 
fult, or molett it. 

The greateft Occafion that the Plantations 
have or may require for powerful AiTiitance from 
England, is upon Account of the Pyrates who a- 
bominably infeft their Seas and Coatts; but a 
competent Number of bold and active Men of 
War might foon take all thofe Nells of Robbers; 
and Contrivances for proper Employment for iuch 
wild and extravagant People, and more honeit 
Work for Sailors in the Plantations, might in a 
great Meafure prevent Pyrates. Several come in 
upon AEts of Grace; the re It might be lubdued 
by Force, and confined to proper Labour and In- 
duftry ; and Encouragement and Work might be 
found for all fuch as may be fufpe&ed to be in- 
clinable for the Account, as they call it ; thus it 
we cannot, or rather will not execute proper 
Meafures for the Extirpation of Pyrates in the 
American Seas, yet certainly we lliould put a Stop 
to their Encreafe, and not l'uffer them to fwarm 
one Year more than another, which furely ma} 
be made very practicable by apt Endeavours, cou- 
rageous Care, and good Conduct; as may molt 
remarkably be evidenced by the well concern :d 
Expedition from Virginia to North Carolina a- 
gainit Blackbeard and his Crew, and the molt luc- 
cefsful Efforts of the celebrated Captain 
who made fuch effectual I'le of his Commiffion 
and Opportunity. 

A few more Inch famous Commanders as Cap- 
tain Brand and Captain Ogle might loon fecure 
our Plantation Merchandize, and clear a free Paf- 
fage, and fafely guard our Coafts and convoy our 
,, 1 Ship-. 



i5o APPENDIX. 

Ships, and either totally aboliih all Pyratical Re- 
publicks, or elfe at leaft put a Curb and Reftraint 
upon their outrageous Inlults. Thefe are Matters 
of greateft Coniequence to our Plantations, and 
the trading Part of our Nation; and therefore 
ought not to be negleded and flighted, but com- 
mitted to the Management of luch Perlons, of 
the greateft Honour, Refolution, and Difcretion, 
who prefer the Publick before their private Trade, 
mind the Intereft of their Country as much as, 
or more than their own, that will make it their 
chief Bufinefs to find, that dare to attack, and 
are able to conquer, thefe bold and defperate Ro- 
vers, the greateft of Reprobates. Such gallant 
Perfons, if they be rare to be found, ought the 
more to be rewarded and encouraged, valued and 
honoured. 

The laft Thing that I fhall mention with Re- 
gard to the Advantage of Trade in Virginia, is 
the abfolute Neceffity of a better Regulation of 
the Poft-Office there, for the fafe and quicker 
Conveyance of Letters. 

Having thus delivered my Sentiments concern- 
ing Learning and Education, Religion, Arts and 
Inventions, and Trade in Virginia, with fome ge- 
neral Remarks concerning all the Plantations, I 
draw near a Period upon thefe Subjeds, fuppo- 
fing that what I have here mentioned may be e- 
nough to inform the Curious, and fatisfy the can- 
did Reader; knowing that I have writ a great 
deal more than they will relifli or approve of, 
whofe Humour or Intereft may claih with my 
Opinion and Proportions ; buc I affure fuch that 
I don't vainly imagine that thefe my private Sen- 
timents fhould be obligatory to any that diflike 
them, or that they are abfolutely neceffary to be 
punctually obferved and complied with by them ; 

but 



APFENDIJC. 151 

but I only humbly offer thefe my Thoughts to 
the Confederation of all inch as are concerned or 
(killed in thefe Matters; who certainly have Li- 
berty either to rejeft them, or approve of them, 
as they iliall efteem it molt reafonable, according 
to their bell: Judgment and Difcretion. 

I fliall only add, that if from thefe my private 
Notions and Remarks any one publick Good may 
be extracted, it will prove a great Satisfaction to 
me, in that the Intent of this Memorial will be 
anfwered, tho' but in a very fmall Degree, which 
joyful Satisfaction will be raifed in the fame Pro- 
portion as the Ufe of this Treatiie encreafes ; 
but if at laft it ihould happen that no Good ihould 
proceed from this my weak Endeavour ; nevcr- 
thelefs (I hope ) my Labour will not be imputed 
to me as criminal ; fince I have hereby offered my 
heft Service in the Advancement of the Intereft, 
and for the Promotion of the Good of a Coun- 
try, to which I am in the higheft Degree ob- 
liged. 

F I N I 

:: 



E H%A TA. 

pAGE 6. Line 2. and p. 22. 1. 4. read Poivbatan. p. 7. 1. 9. r. 
■*• IVcft-lndians. p. 8. 1. 22. r. or fomctimes. p. II.I.4. for/;'-, 
p. 16. 1. 18. r. Mobomtiy. p. 21. 1. 2:. t'. /'' Jr/i: m r. PoJfeJJtons. p. 22. 1. 
28. f. Country r. C utlty. p. -,9. 1. I 9. f. hired r. tired, p. 42. 1. 2. f. ' 

p. 45. 1. 2. f. certain r. in hopes, p. 46. 1. 24. f. few r. me,]}, p. 57. 
1. 4. f. being r. which being, ibid. 1. 7. f". the trench r. a bole. p. 60. 
1. 4. f. Wines r. Vines, ib. 1. I". f. Planks r. Plants, p. 61. 1. 2S. I 
r. think to. p 62. 1. 30. r. Mannacan, p. 88. 1. 9. r. Prejident. p. 93. I. 
24. r. a Fclloiu. p. 96.I. 14. f. This r. Thefe. ibid. 1. 33. r. 1 16. 

1. 24. f. Pajfagcs r. Purpcjcs. p. 129. 1. S.f.it fecms r. /cents, p. 132. 1. 16. 
f. fa as r. as. p. I 34. 1. 4. ' T c 



E- 2 11 i 2q 







BOOKS printed for John Clarke, 
at the Bible, under the Royal-Ex- 
change, Cornhill. 



(->*5fb N Accidence to the Englijh Tongue, 
Gfj®& chiefly for the Ufe of fuch Boys and Men 

%'jl/tP as have never learn'd Latin perfectly, and 
for the Benefit of the Female Sex : Alio for the 
Welch, Scotch, fri/b, and Foreigners, being a 
Grammatical Effay upon our Language, confi- 
dering the true Manner of Reading, Writing, 
and Talking proper Englijh. By Hugh Jones, A. M. 
lately Mathematical Profeffor at the College of 
William and Mary at William] "burgh in Virginia, 
and Chaplain to the honourable the AfTembly of 
that Colony. 12°. Price l s. Bound. 
The Hiltory of Virginia in four Parts. 

I. The Hiitory of the firif Settlement of Vir- 
ginia^ and the Government thereof, to the Year 
1706. 

II. The natural Production and Conveniences 
of the Country, fuited to Trade and Improve- 
ment. 

III. The Native Indians, their Religion, Laws, 
and Cuftoms, in War and Peace. 

IV. The prefent State of the Country, as to 
the Polity of the Government, and the Improve- 
ment of the Land, to the 10 th of June 1720. By 
a Native and Inhabitant of the Place. The fecond 
Edition, enlarged, Svo. pr. 4 x 6 c/. 

A general Treatife of the Dominion of the 
Sea, and a compleat Body of Sea Laws. 4/0. 
p. 1 o s. 

The Plantation Laws. 8vo. 



